The experiment proceeded in the Telafer site during the year 2022, with two seasons (spring and autumn) to study two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Furat and Dijla) and eight levels of fertilizers (control treatment, 120 kg N₁₅P₁₅K₁₅ ha^-1 of traditional compound fertilizer, 1.5 and 3 g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer, 1 and 2 ml liter^-1 of Optimum Plus organic fertilizer, 1.5g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer + 1 ml liter^-1 of organic fertilizer, and 3 g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer + 2ml liter^-1 of organic fertilizer) on yield traits of the maize grain. The research employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using the s p li t-pl o t system, with the cultivars placed in the main plots, and the fertilizers in the secondary plots. Results indicated that the Furat cultivar excelled in all yield trai t s in the two seasons, except for the weight of the cob and the w e ig h t of 500 g r a i n s in the autumn season; cultivar Dijla was superior in the biological yield for the two seasons. As for the fertilizers, the treatment 2ml L^-1 of the organic fertilizer achieved the highest rate in all studied traits for both seasons, except for the traits cob weight and biological yield, where the treatment was superior in 3 g L^-1 of the N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nanofertilizer. The interaction showed significant differences in all studied traits of maize in both seasons.

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), cultivars, organic fertilizer, NPK, nano fertilizer, foliar application, grain yield

Key findings: The possibility of replacing costly and field-strained ground fertilization with cheaper and more efficient foliar fertilization to grain yield and its components and its reflection on productivity and the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars significantly impacted these traits.

A laboratory experiment studied the effects of the green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) aqueous extract at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 ppm on the germination and growth traits of the mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), carried out in 2021 at the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that Camellia sinensis green tea extracts played a vital role by significantly boosting all the examined characteristics compared with the control treatment. The aqueous extract of Green tea at concentrations of 10 and 20 ppm gave the best performance in increasing germination rates, germination speed, plant promoter indicator, and seedling strength compared with the control treatment. Meanwhile, the concentration of 30 ppm indicated a significant increase in the shoot length, root system, carbohydrates, proteins, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) compared with other concentrations used and control treatment.

Keywords: Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract, germination, growth traits, antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, carbohydrates, proteins, proline

Key findings: Using natural environmentally friendly materials ,They do not have aharmful effect on humans ,they contain antioxidants.

The Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Bioreactor’s performance in cultivation for several commercial potato cultivars became the prevailing study’s review focus. The experiment in a split-plot design had two factors. The first factor comprised the type of culture system (conventional and TIS Bioreactor) treatment used as main plots. The second factor was the four potato cultivars (Atlantic Malang, Dayang Sumbi, Granola L., and Maglia) used as subplots. The TIS Bioreactor culture has the highest average in all studied variables compared with conventional cultures at the multiplication stage. In the TIS Bioreactor, potato cultivar Dayang Sumbi excelled in the number of axillary branching and number of primary roots. At the same time, genotype Granola L. surpassed the height of the plantlets of other cultivars. Meanwhile, the cultivar Atlantic Malang shone in the number of nodes, with Maglia in the number of leaves. Using the TIS Bioreactor produces microshoots with more nodes and can be beneficial as a propagation organ. The Dayang Sumbi cultivar was superior to all other potato cultivars.

Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivars, conventional in vitro, TIS Bioreactor, microshoots, axillary shoots, number of nodes

Key findings: The Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Bioreactor can be advantageous as an alternative to the cultivation system to maximize the productivity of plantlets and microtubers of several potato cultivars, which is beneficial. The success of increasing the axillary branching and the number of internodes through the TIS system will encourage an increase in the production of microshoots as one of the primary seed sources.

The prevailing study aimed to determine the effects of organic fertilizer Libro with four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 ml L^-1) and the growth retardant Cultar with three concentrations (0, 0.03, and 0.05 mg L^-1) on Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), carried out in 2022 at the University of Anbar, Iraq. The results revealed that the treatment of plants with organic fertilizer Libro at a concentration of 3 ml L^-1 led to a significant increase in most of the vegetative growth characteristics represented by the plant density rate, nitrogen, phosphorus, color degree, and the degree of trampling tolerance 2.500, respectively. The treatment with a growth retardant represented by Cultar reduced cutting times to 2.000.

Keywords: Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.), organic fertilizer, Cultar, Libro, biochemical traits

Key findings: The results showed that organic fertilizer Libro at a concentration of 3 ml L^-1 led to a significant increase in most vegetative growth characteristics, viz., plant density rate, nitrogen, phosphorus, color degree, and the trampling tolerance degree of Bermuda grass. The growth retardant Cultar reduced the number of cutting times.

Zonal technology treatment of the soil system for rice cultivation comprised various operations carried out with tillage equipment types in the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. With the region’s agriculture sector having a low technical base, the performance of these operations is mostly meager, which does not justify itself in the modern conditions of the agro-industrial complex’s functioning. The presented studies sought to determine the influence of different tillage tools on the soil’s plowing quality, agrophysical properties, and rice productivity, carried out at the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Rice Growing, named after I. Zhakhaev, Kazakhstan. The study observed the use of a “Lemken Juwel-7 reversible plough” contributed to achieving a ridge ratio of 1.09 due to the uniform size and shape of the layers. The reversible plough provided the smallest area occupied by clods bigger than 5 cm (0.16 m²). Notably, fall-plowed soil disking, mineral fertilizers’ incorporation, followed by soil rolling under rice with the BDM-‘Agro’ disk harrow and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator positively affected the structural and aggregate composition of the soil before rice planting. Using the Lemken Juwel 7 reversible plough and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator in the meadow-boggy soil treatment system contributed an average increase of 0.71 t/ha in rice yield under the environmental conditions of Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. Employing these tillage units makes obtaining the maximum amount of agrotechnical soil fractions possible, positively affecting the field germination of seeds and rice grain yield.

Keywords: Rice, soil system, tillage equipment, structural and aggregate composition of soil, structural coefficient, tillage tools, yield

Key findings: Results revealed the most effective field practice was autumn plowing with the reversible plow of the ‘Lemken Juwel 7 type,’ disk plowing and mineral fertilizers’ incorporation, and rolling of the field with BDM-‘Agro’ and Horsch Terrano FX cultivators in the Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan, for all the studied variants for cultivating rice on meadow-marsh soils. These tillage units provided the maximum amount of agronomically valuable fractions in the surface layer of the ground, positively affecting rice seed germination and yield. However, other tillage methods considerably reduced agronomically beneficial segments.