A.A.A. ELNAGAR, E.M. ZEIDAN, A.A. ABDUL-GALIL, and A.A-G. ALI
SUMMARY
Ameliorating peanut production is a requirement to cope with the abrupt climate change and burgeoning population. Seed treatment is vital for enhancing and sustaining peanut production, particularly in semiarid environments. The latest study aimed to evaluate the impact of different seed treatments on the agronomic and quality of three high-yielding peanut cultivars: Giza-6, North Carolina (N.C.), and Aramanch. The applied seed treatments include Rhizobium inoculation, moringa leaf extract, vitavax, and gypsum versus untreated control. The evaluated peanut cultivars significantly varied in their results for agronomic and quality traits. The cultivar Giza-6, followed by Aramanch, proved the best displaying the highest number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, number of branches per plant, shelling percentage, biological yield, pod yield, seed yield, oil yield, and protein yield. The applied seed treatments substantially enhanced peanut yield traits, oil, and protein content of peanuts with the superiority of Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract. These treatments effectively reinforced peanut growth, positively reflected in the yield and quality traits. Subsequently, integrating the seed treatments, particularly Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract, with high-yielding cultivars, such as Giza-6 and Aramanch, confirmed a helpful approach to enhancing and sustaining peanut production in arid environments.
Keywords: yield traits, oil content, crude protein, interaction effect, heatmap, and hierarchical clustering
Key findings: The assessed peanut cultivars exhibited significant differences in all agronomic and quality traits, with Giza-6 and Aramanch proving superior. The applied seed treatments enriched peanut yield traits, oil, and protein content of peanuts, with the superiority of Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.18
N. FATIMA, A. SAEED, A. SHAKEEL, and F.S. AWAN
SUMMARY
Salinity consists of critical abiotic stress adversely affecting tomato growth and development. Given the increase in saline areas, breeders endeavor to develop crops that can tolerate salinity. It indicates the importance of genotypes that can grow in salt-affected soil to cope with the problem. This study focused on identifying salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This study used a two-factor factorial under a complete randomized design, with three replications and three levels (T0 = control, T1 = 6 dS/m, T2 = 12 dS/m) of salt (NaCl) treatment. Data collection ensued at the seedling stage. Data for various morphological and biochemical attributes were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance and PCA to check the variation in germplasm and identification of suitable genotypes. Analysis of variance showed significant results for all attributes indicating the presence of variability in germplasm. Using PCA identified tolerant and non-tolerant tomato genotypes. Based on the results obtained from PCA analysis, genotypes AUT-318, CLN-2498A, 17884, Picendanto, 17260, 17256, 17263, and 17266 showed as salt tolerant, whereas the 19903, 19908, Target-66, H-24, 17255, Nadir, and Peelo displayed as salt-sensitive genotypes. Selected genotypes suit further use for the development of breeding material.
Keywords: Tomato germplasm, salinity, principal component analysis, osmolytes, screening, selection
Key findings: Based on results obtained from the analysis, the genotypes AUT-318, CLN-2498-A, 17884, Picendanto, 17260, 17256, 17263, and 17266 proved salt-tolerant. These selected genotypes suit future use for salt-tolerant varieties and hybrid development.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.17
S.A. ALMUKHTAR
SUMMARY
The study for improving the multiplication and rooting systems of Gardenia jasminoides cv. veitchii ensued in 2020–2021 at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq. The first experiment comprised multiplication, using Benzyl adenine (BA) at the concentrations of 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg L-1 and licorice extract at the concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1. The second experiment involved the rooting system, including cultivation of gardenia, shoots on MS media with different formulations, i.e., MS media with half strength of basal salts, and a) IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1), b) licorice extract concentrations ( 0, 1, 2, 3 g L-1), MS medium with the full strength of basal salts, c) IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1), and d) licorice extract (0.1, 2, 3 g L-1). The results showed the superiority of benzyl adenine (4 mg L-1) in achieving the highest number of shoots per plant, and the concentration of 2 mg L-1 showed superior in giving the maximum shoot length and the number of leaves per plant. The licorice extract (2 g L-1) achieved the highest number of shoots per plant, while the concentration of 3 gm L-1 proved superior in reaching the maximum shoot length and number of leaves per plant. The Indole 3-butyric acid- IBA (1 mg L-1) revealed the highest rooting percentage, root length, and root dry weight, with IBA (2 mg L-1) being the highest root number. Also, licorice extract (3 g L-1) supplemented to the media with half strength of basal salts displayed superior rooting percentage, root length, and root dry weight.
Keywords: plant growth regulators, licorice extract, micropropagation, Gardenia veitchii, in vitro
Key findings: Benzyl adenine – BA (4 mg L-1) produced the maximum number of shoots per plant, and BA at 2 mg L-1 generated the most number of leaves and shoot length. Adding 2 g L-1 of licorice extract yielded the highest number of shoots plant-1, with licorice at the 3 g m L-1 producing more leaves and shoot length. The IBA (1 mg L-1) had the highest rooting percentage, length, and dry weight. In half-strength salt media plus licorice extract at the 3 g L-1 increased the number of roots, root length, and dry weight.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.16
E. YUNIASTUTI, E.R. RAHMAWATI, and SUKAYA
SUMMARY
Pachira aquatica belongs to the Bombacaceae group, the clades in the family Malvaceae. The subfamily contains about 304 species, most with high economic and medicinal values. Considering their importance, some of the plants attained special cultural status. Pachira comes from Central America and South America, introduced and spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia. The diversity of plant morphology can result from environmental factors interacting with genetic features, then expressed as phenotypes. Geographic isolation can prevent gene flow between populations. Geographic separation allows mutations to occur, and natural selection and genetic drift can alter allele frequencies differently in separate populations leading to allopatric speciation. The present study aims to determine the characteristics and chromosomal composition of P. aquatica. This study used the squashing method, often employed to obtain chromosomes by squeezing the preparations. The results showed that the number of chromosomes of pachira was 2n = 66. The chromosome length of pachira ranged from 0.812±0.009 to 1.955±0.009 μm. The chromosome shape of pachira is metacentric. The karyotype arrangement of pachira is 2n = 2× = 29m + 4sm, where 2n equals to 29 pairs of metacentric chromosomes and four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) of the chromosome of pachira scored at 0.19±0.001, with the value of the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) at 0.224±0.021.
Keywords: Pachira (Pachira aquatica), cytogenetic, chromosome, squash method
Key findings: The value of the intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) indicates that the pachira chromosomes revealed mostly metacentric, and the value of the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) indicates that the deviation of chromosome size that occurs in the karyotype was small.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.15
P.V. HIEU
SUMMARY
Polyploidization is commonly known to become a vital process to succeed in developing potential crops. In the plant kingdom, the polyploids, i.e., aneuploidy and polyploidy, are generally developed through sexual and asexual pathways, resulting in totally increasing biomass, phytochemical compounds, and adaptation to detrimental environment. For more precision, thousands of polyploidy plant species adapted to various climatic and topographic conditions through genomic evolution. Autopolyploid, allopolyploid, and aneuploidy, as well as, different levels of ploidy are simply found in vegetables, such as, potatoes, and among fruits, i.e., bananas, watermelon, and so on. Contrastingly, in mammals, polyploidization causes congenital diseases and pregnancy loss, especially in human beings. This review article will first describe polyploidization in plants and then enumerate the advantages of its beneficial effects that are more valuable. The paper also intends to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding. Thus, it has further mentioned the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy in a perspective contribution of minor crops in plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of crop strategies.
Keywords: polyploidization, minor crops, evolution, agriculture, climate change
Key findings: This review sheds light on 1) discussing polyploidization in plants and then mentioning the benefits of its effects that are more valuable; 2) it further proves the perspectives of the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects that are also informative to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding, and 3) enumeration of minor crops from polyploidization of wild plant species.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.14
A.A.M. AL-ALWANI and M.A. MOHAMMED
SUMMARY
The latest research aimed to study the effects of plant growth regulators on inducing callus from the chia plant (Salvia hispanica) and stimulating it to produce some medicinal compounds in vitro. The study transpired at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq. The use of Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium containing 2,4-D Auxin (dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) had concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L-1 and cytokinin benzyl adenine (BA) with concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1. The use of their interactions continued to induce a perpetuation of callus. In another experiment, the salicylic acid at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1 stimulated the callus to produce medicinal compounds. The results showed that for induction of callus and its sustainability in the leaves of the chia plant, the best concentration revealed 2,4-D at a rate of 3 mg L-1, which achieved the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage with values of 0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%, respectively. The results also showed that the addition of salicylic acid at the concentration of 10 mg L-1 to the nutrient media stimulated the formation of the active compounds.
Keywords: Chia plant (Salvia hispanica L.), dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzyl adenine, salicylic acid, callus induction, secondary metabolites
Key findings: The MS media with 2,4-D (3.0 mg L-1) revealed the best performance by showing the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage (0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%) for induced callus compared with other treatments. The results also showed that salicylic acid at 10 mg L1 produced the maximum oleic acid compound content in the induced callus cultures created from the leaves.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.13
C.R. AZZAM, F.M. SULTAN, M.R.I. SAYED, and K.A.M. KHALED
SUMMARY
Guar is an economically significant forage crop and a multi-purpose plant. In Egypt, with a limited gene pool of guar, gamma ray (γ-rays) and microwave pre-treatment, individually or in association, were used to generate genetic variability and develop new high-yielding genotypes. Guar seeds of the variety Shandaweel-9 were irradiated with different γ-ray doses (i.e., 0, 150, 250, and 350 Gray “Gy”), either individually or along with the irradiation with 900 W microwave treatments applied for different exposure times (1, 2, 3, and 4 min), then grown at Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt in 2019, and 2020 summer seasons. The results indicated that gamma-ray doses of 150 and 250 Gy, stand-alone or with microwave treatments, significantly influenced guar plant height and crude protein in M1 and M2. Fragments with 925, 1427, and 2145 bp linked to plant height and crude protein were eluted from the gel, sequenced, and then registered on GenBank. The fragment linked to plant height received accession No. LC681484.1 and fragments linked to crude protein received accession No. of OK617330.1 and OK617331.1. The sequenced fragments underwent translation to protein, then proceeded to proteome analyses. Depending on the sequence analysis, the 925 bp fragment consisted of a 302 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoded with 302 amino acids. However, the fragment of 1427 bp has 433 ORF, and the fragment of 2145 bp has 705 ORF. The LC681484.1 might have a role in plant elongation. On the other hand, OK617330.1 and OK617331.1 might be responsible for cell wall protein organization.
Keywords: γ-rays irradiation, microwave heating, plant height, quality analysis, SCoT, plant height- and crude protein-linked genes
Key findings: Proteome analysis revealed three predicted proteins: the first is responsible for plant elongation (plant height), and the others are responsible for cell wall protein characterization (crude protein contents). Registration was done for a gene linked to plant height in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Accession No. LC681484.1), as well as, genes linked to crude protein (OK617330.1 and OK617331.1) on GenBank`s database.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.12
A. FAZAL, F.A. KHAN, H. RAZZAQ, and B. SADIA
SUMMARY
Ten drought-tolerant and six sensitive lines with their resultant crosses emerged from crossing in the Line × Tester mating design, then evaluated at the maturity stage in the field. Data recorded for morphological and physiological parameters took place, as well as, for drought tolerance and yieldrelated traits. Recorded data followed analysis to access the variability in germplasm and general and specific combining ability effects. Combining ability analysis exhibited variable direction and magnitude of specific combining ability effects among crosses and general combining effects among line and testers. Results showed the breeding material had genetic variability that can serve in developing drought-tolerant and high-yielding genotypes of Sesamum indicum L. The testers 93004 and 96019 and Lines 90005 and 96006 revealed the best general combiners under normal and drought stress. Results of SCA indicated that 95001 × 97005, 97007 × 97001, 95010 × 93004, TH-6 × 96019, and 90005 × 96014 exhibited to have positive significant specific combining ability effects for most of the traits under control and drought stress conditions that can undergo further evaluation for growing under drought conditions. The fresh and dry weight of seedlings and 1000-seed weight traits proved useful as selection criteria in developing drought-tolerant types in sesame.
Keywords: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), genetic variability, line-by-tester combining ability, drought stress conditions, yield-related traits
Key findings: Testers 93004 and 96019 and lines 90005 and 96006 displayed the best general combiners for most traits under normal and drought stress conditions. The hybrids, viz., 95001 × 97005, 97007 × 97001, 95010 × 93004, TH-6 × 96019, and 90005 × 96014, showed significant positive SCA effects for the majority of the drought tolerant related traits.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.11
E.G. LESTARI, R. YUNITA, and M.F. ANSHORI
Mutation breeding is more effective than conventional breeding when the existing breeding material has a narrow genetic base and the scarcity of germplasm to specific desired characters. Assembling superior soybean cultivars through mutation breeding requires an effective selection method since the selection for productivity only proved less effective. Therefore, the selection base needs to be broad and use multi-characters. The latest study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the multi-characters approach in the selection and validation process of M4 soybean mutant lines. This study evaluated M4 and M5 mutant lines for various traits at the Citayam and Muara Experimental Garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The M4 and M5 mutant evaluations used an augmented design with 121 experimental units (172 lines and four check cultivars) and a randomized complete block design with 99 experimental units (29 lines and four check cultivars), respectively. Measured variables included the number of branches, filled pods, empty pods, and productive internodes, the weight of 100 seeds, and the seed weight per sampling plot. The result showed that the correlated multi-characters were effective for selection in the soybean mutant lines. The most effective secondary character resulted from the number of filled pods. Measuring the selection effectiveness continued up to the fifth generation (M5) to further validate the selected material. In total, nine mutant lines, i.e., A182-13, A179-1, A220-156, A196-57, A186-27, A190-38, A180-6, A195-50, and A188-32, attained selection with significant genetic potential for further study through the yield test.
Keywords: Soybean (Glycine max L.), genetic diversity, multivariate analysis, mutation breeding, secondary characters
Key findings: Assembling superior soybean cultivars through mutation breeding requires an effective method of selection. The multi-traits selection method showed efficiency in selecting the promising mutant lines. Obtaining the final 10 mutant lines proceeded based on the greater genetic potential, with further study of these lines through yield testing recommended.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.10
E. PRASETYA, LAZUARDI, A. HASAIRIN, Y. RACHMAWATI, M. JANNAH, and T. HARSONO
SUMMARY
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson, a member of the Annonaceae family, has become widespread from the Indo-Malayan region to northern Australia and Malaysia. This plant has economic value because it produces essential oils used in the perfume and food industries. No research existed yet related to DNA barcoding to see intraspecific variations in C. odorata. This study aimed to analyze the potential of chloroplast genes maturase K (matK)-trnK, ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), and trnL-F intergenic spacer as DNA barcodes on C. odorata from North Sumatra, Indonesia. The research sample obtained from five areas included Tanjung Balai, Langkat Regency (Tangkahan Conservation Forest), Medan, Tanjung Morawa (Deli Serdang Regency), and Sukarasa (Deli Serdang Regency). Phylogenetic analysis using the three markers showed that C. odorata was monophyletic grouped from a common ancestor. The results of the phylogenetic tree construction also showed that the three markers used were able to group each genus in the Annonaceae family and form separate branches from the outgroup (Magnolia, Sarcandra, and Litsea). The barcoding gap on the genetic distance could not be observed in this study, although phylogenetic results showed that the three markers were discriminatory enough to separate species. The results showed that the matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F markers could be effectively used as DNA barcodes to identify C. odorata.
Keywords: Cananga odorata, DNA barcoding, chloroplast genes, North Sumatra
Key findings: There are no barcoding gaps in the matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F markers, although phylogenetic results show that three barcode markers are quite discriminatory to separate the Annonaceae species. DNA barcode matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F revealed as efficient tools to identify C. odorata.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.9