S.V. REZVYAKOVA, A.V. TARAKIN, N.I. BOTUZ, and E.V. MITINA
SUMMARY
This study comprises the selection of winter-hardy to highly winter-hardy pear (Pyrus CommunisL.) hybrid seedlings procured from various genetic origins. The development of pear hybrids resulted from intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. The simulation of the most damaging factors in the artificial climate chamber ensued according to the second and third components of winter hardiness – maximum frost resistance in a hardened state and stability of resistance to frost during the thaw. Critical temperatures affected the same seedlings, successively applying the specified modes, i.e., hardening at -10°C, freezing at -37°C (12 h), hardening at -10°C, thaw at +2°C (5 days), and freezing at -25°C (12 h). Combining genetically related variants to the highly winter-resistant cultivar, Phorun established the high breeding value for the yield of hybrid seedlings resistant to frost on the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness. Thus, in the family 17-43-30 (Phorun – free pollination) × Shihan, 5.0% of transgressive genotypes came up, which withstood the given modes without damage to the buds and central tissues, showing 48.3% of highly winter-resistant forms. In a hybrid combination of 24-45-45 (Phorun × Olivier de Serre) × (Gervais + Olivier de Serre + Dekanka Zimnyaya), 33.3% of seedlings with frost resistance at the level of the highly winter-resistant control cultivar Tonkovetka attained selection. Remote hybridization opens up new opportunities in the pears’ selection for frost resistance. In total, and as a result of distant hybridization, 5.47% of the genotypes (with frost resistance for the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness above Tonkovetka), 18.24% (at the level of Tonkovetka with freezing to 1.0 point), and 20.73% types (at the level of winter-resistant control cultivar Bessemyanka with freezing to 2.0 points) gained distinction.
Keywords: Pear, breeding, hybrid seedlings, frost resistance, winter hardiness components
Key findings: A comparative assessment was done on the winter hardiness of pear (Pyrus Communis L.) cultivars and their hybrids obtained through intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. New donors of winter hardiness and their hybrids received identification. Pear populations with highly winter-hardy traits gained selection from the genotypes of different genetic origins, i.e., Pyrus communis, P. ussuriensis, and P. bretschneideri.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.16
V.N. GUSEV, SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, A.E. KHIDIROV, E.K. ZHUSUPBEKOV, and L.K. TABYNBAYEVA
SUMMARY
South and Southeast Kazakhstan underwent soil nitrogen forecasting and diagnosing for nutrition to establish the requirement of nitrogen fertilizers for field crops. The study established the possible use of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen as an indicator to provide field crops with available soil nitrogen. Managing the soil organic matter more accurately as the main source of nitrogen helps determine the spatial and temporal variability of its content in each specific field and to use a narrower (oriented to the prevailing soil types) scale of humus availability. The recent studies began in several stages, during 2014–2016, 2015–2017, and 2020–2021, on the irrigated light chestnut calcareous medium loamy non-saline and non-alkaline soil formed at the foothill loess plain of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan. The nitrogen content of nitrates varied significantly over the years of research. In the control variants (without fertilizers), the recording of the minimum content of N-NO3 took place in 2016 compared with 2014 and 2015. In two consecutive years (2020–2021), 2,816 ha of arable land underwent testing in Almaty, Zhambyl, and Zhetysu regions, Kazakhstan. A total collection of 1,015 soil samples went through analysis, revealing a close correlation between the content of humus and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in the upper soil layer of 0-30 cm. The hydrothermal conditions from a long multi-factorial field experiment data largely affected the intensity of mineralization and immobilization processes of the available nitrogen compounds. The rational use of nitrogen fertilizers makes it possible to increase the field crop yield with good quality and enhance the payback of applied fertilizers, maintaining and improving soil fertility.
Keywords: Light chestnut soil, humus, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, the need for nitrogen fertilizers, the planned harvest
Key findings: Rational use of nitrogen fertilizers and the determination of spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen fertilizer consumption fully control the state of provision of plants.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.15
S.K. SUDIRGA, I.M.S. WIJAYA, and A.A.K. DARMADI
SUMMARY
Anthracnose forms a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of crop plants in warm and humid areas. Anthracnose causes the wilting, withering, and dying of tissues of plants, commonly infecting the developing shoots, leaves, and fruits. It critically affects the quality and production of Carica papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia. The pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose fungal disease. Research on morphology and molecular identification of pathogenic fungi is very important to determine the type of pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in the papaya fruit. The latest study aims to identify the pathogen that caused anthracnose on papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia, carried out during July – December 2021 at the Belok Village, District of Petang, Badung Regency, and in Laboratory of Biochemistry, Udayana University, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. The study used Koch’s postulates to confirm the pathogenicity and continued with macro- and micro-morphological characterization. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characterization, the pathogen has shown similar traits to the genus Colletotrichum. Molecular identification took place using the ITS sequences to increase data robustness. Based on the molecular analysis, the DNA sequences of the genus Colletotrichum isolated from papaya fruits showed the symptoms of anthracnose disease. Based on the latest findings, the pathogen causing anthracnose disease in Carica papaya fruits showed as the species Colletotrichum magnum in Bali, Indonesia.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Colletotrichum magnum, anthracnose, molecular identification
Key findings: The latest study identified the pathogenic fungi (species Colletotrichum magnum) causing anthracnose disease on Carica papaya fruits through morphological and molecular approaches.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.14
A.I. POPOV1, V.N. ZELENKOV, and M.V. MARKOV
SUMMARY
Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress
Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.13
A.M. HASSAN, M.F. AHMED, and M.A. RASHED
SUMMARY
Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress
Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.12
N.G. TUMANYAN, M.A. ТKACHENKO, T.B. KUMEIKO, and S.S. CHIZHIKOVA
SUMMARY
Rice grain damage due to dark spots was noted more than 10 years ago in Russia. However, this phenomenon has long existed in other rice-growing countries. The factor limiting high rice yields are insect pests and pathogenic microorganisms, the vital activity of which leads to the occurrence of dark spots on the grain shells. This study hopes to assess the effects of dark spots on rice grains of six rice cultivars bred in Russia, i.e., Rapan, Khazar, Romans, Favorit, Trio, and Prestige. The study was carried out in 2020–2021 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Krasnodar, Russia. With an increase in the content of damaged grains from 5% to 10% and 20%, the mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains, vitreosity, and head rice content decrease, the filminess increased, and the content of damaged grains negatively affecting the quality traits of rice grains. If the content of damaged grains is up to 5%, grain quality decreases giving no impact of the parameter. The need to predict rice grain yield and quality based on grain damage intensity caused by dark spots ensures the profitability of growing various cultivars in rice production.
Keywords: Rice germplasm, seed dark spots, grain damage, grain yield, grain quality traits
Key findings: Damaged rice grains increase in the grain mass, decrease quality, grain size, vitreosity, and head rice content, and increase filminess. Overall, the content of damaged grains significantly affects the rice grain quality traits.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.11
D.M. MAJEED, E.N. ISMAIL, F.R. AL-BURKI, A.S. ABED , and A.M.J. AL-JIBOURI
SUMMARY
Salinity is an abiotic stress factor and a major challenge that has significant negative effects on wheat production. It is also a source of concern for plant breeders leading them to reach reliable screening criteria for salt tolerance in wheat genotypes. The physiological analysis showed that the three salt-tolerant wheat genotypes viz., Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest rate for the physiological traits i.e., chlorophyll content (38.9, 39.5, and 42.1, respectively),carbohydrates (600.14, 590.6, 560.8: 2H, 3H, and Dijla, respectively), proline acid (24.30, 23.14, and 21.87: Dijla, 3H, and 2H, respectively) under salt stress conditions, except protein percentage (3.8% and 3.3%: Rabia and Ibaa99, respectively) and K+/Na+ ratio (6.3 and 5.9: 2H and Dijla, respectively). The salt-tolerant wheat genotypes 2H, Dijla, and 3H enunciated an increased rate of expression of salt-related genes (TaOPR1 gene and β-actin gene) with values of 6.498, 4.0, and 3.768, respectively compared to two other salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia under salt stress conditions. The salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia showed no gene expression and significant difference with the control treatment after being treated with salinity stress conditions.
Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), gene expression, TaOPR1 salt tolerance gene, salt-tolerant genotypes, chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates, proline acid, K+/ Na+
Key findings: Under saline stress conditions, the genotypes of Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest content of chlorophyll, protein (%), carbohydrate, and proline acid, except for K+/Na+ ratio, and excelled other wheat genotypes in gene expression (6.498, 4.0, and 3.768), respectively at the salt level of 16 dS/m. However, the salinity-sensitive wheat genotypes Ibaa99 and Rabia provided relatively low values for the expression of TaOPR1 gene expression associated with salt tolerance.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.9
M.U. UTEBAYEV, Y.Y. DOLINNY, S.M. DASHKEVICH, and N.A. BOME
The progressive study determined the gliadin ‘profile’ and genetic diversity based on allelic variations of gliadin-coding loci in spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) selection from Russian and Kazakh origins. A total of 139 samples obtained from a spring soft wheat collection consisting of 62 from Russia and 77 from Kazakhstan were studied. As a result of electrophoretic analysis in Russian wheat, the share of monomorphic gliadin cultivars was 63% and polymorphic was 37%. However, in the Kazakh wheat collection, the share of polymorphic gliadin cultivars was 26%. The alleles were mostly found among the Russian cultivars, i.e., Gli-А1f (46.9%), Gli-В1е (43.7%), Gli-В1b (30.8%), Gli-D1а (61.0%), Gli-А2l (17.0%), Gli-А2m (16.9%), Gli-В2o (16.1%), and Gli-D2q (19.8%). In wheat genotypes collected from Kazakhstan, the following alleles dominated, i.e., Gli-А1f (47.4%), Gli-В1е (72.0%), Gli-D1а (61.7%), Gli-А2l (25.3%), Gli-А2s (16.2%), Gli-В2r (25.7%), and Gli-D2a (40.3%).The study compiled the so-called ‘ideal’ electrophoretic spectrum of gliadin for several countries to visualize the ‘portrait’ of wheat, created based on common blocks of gliadin identified by the researchers at different times. It assumed that cultivars close to the ‘ideal’ spectrum in gliadin alleles should have a complex of economically valuable features. For example, the spectrum of Russian wheat consists of the blocks of components controlled by alleles, i.e., f, e, a, q, o, e. As for the Kazakh wheat, its ‘ideal’ spectrum f, e, a, l, r, acoincides with the spectrum of Russian wheat at the loci Gli-1, as Russian cultivars were often taken as parental genotypes by the Kazakhstan breeders.i
Keywords: spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), germplasm, breeding, gliadin, Gli-locus, polymorphism
Key findings: The concept of the ‘ideal’ electrophoretic spectrum of gliadin for specific climatic conditions is proposed, which implies that cultivars in which the spectrum of gliadin is close to ‘ideal’ can have a complex of economically valuable features.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.7
M. HUSSAIN, S. ALI, M. ZEESHAN, G. NABI, SAADIA, W. MUZAFFAR, M. SAEED, and B. AHMAD
SUMMARY
Attock-2019 (11AK011) is an elite high-yielding, disease-tolerant, bunch-type (decumbent-2) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)cultivar, developed at the Groundnut Research Station, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. The cultivar resulted from the local crossing between two advanced lines, i.e., 01CG001 and 02CG005. The first cross attempt occurred during the 2005 cropping season at the Groundnut Research Station, Attock, and the selection underwent the pedigree method that continued up to the F6 generation. Attock-2019 underwent evaluation regarding its performance concerning yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to numerous yield trials like preliminary, regular, micro-, and national uniform yield trials, including evaluation at farmer fields and agronomic parameters, during 2012-2018, under the varietal code 11AK011. It out-yielded the check cultivar BARI-2011 in micro-yield trials for two consecutive years in Punjab by producing 19.52% and 17.96% yields higher than the said cultivar. Similarly, at the national level, during the national uniform groundnut yield trials in 2016 and 2017, it surpassed the check cultivars Golden and Pothowar by 30.74% (Golden) and 3.46% (Golden and Pothowar), respectively, in different ecological zones of Pakistan. This genotype is of medium duration, with 20%–25% three-seeded pods per plant. The average number of pods per plant ranged from 85–95. Its shelling percentage is high (70%–72%), with a good 100-seed weight (62-66 g). It also possessed good taste, oil content (40.5%), and protein content (21.6%). The cultivar also showed good performance under drought-stress conditions and tolerance to diseases like the Tikka disease and collar rot of groundnut. Attock-2019 can be sown from 1 April to 15 May under Barani conditions of Punjab, with 30:80:30 NPK kg ha-1 at sowing time and an application of 500 kg ha-1 gypsum at the flowering stage. Attock-2019 gained approval for general cultivation in the Punjab Barani tract during the 2021 in 54th Punjab Seed Council Meeting as the approving authority.
Keywords: Attock-2019, disease resistant, groundnut, high yielder, variegated seed-coat color
Key findings: Attock-2019 is the prime find of the Groundnut Research Station, Attock that proves beneficial for the farming community in the Barani tract of the Punjab Province.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.5
L.A. TOKHETOVA, S.P. MAKHMADJANOV, T.V. SAVIN, and G.Z. BAIMBETOVA
SUMMARY
For assessing the combining ability, the top cross method proved more economical and less laborious compared with the diallel analysis. It also allows the breeder to obtain valuable information about the inbred lines and their hybrids for various traits. In the existing research, determining the combining ability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hybrids took place in two regions of Kazakhstan with contrasting soil and climatic conditions. The additive and non-additive genes played a vital role in determining almost all the traits in barley. Analysis of variance showed varying significance among the barley cultivars and their hybrids and testing sites for the majority of the traits. Analysis of variance also revealed significant differences in general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) among the parental cultivars and their hybrids in barley.The predominance of additive gene interactions in controlling the traits under environmental conditions of the Aral Sea region indicates the possibility of effective selection already in the F2 generation. However, in the piedmont zone of the Almaty region, the dominant genes managed the traits, and thus, necessary to differentiate the hybrid populations, starting from the first generation, until further selection from several cycles achieved the homozygosis of loci carrying dominant genes. Barley cultivars, Rihane, WI2291/Roho/WI2269 (ICARDA), and the tester, Odessa-100 (Odessa Selection and Genetic Institute, Ukraine), showed greater practical interest and therefore, recommended for use as reliable donors in future breeding programs.
Keywords: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), variability, hybrid populations, combining ability, top-cross, analysis of variance, additive effect of genes
Key findings: Analysis of variance showed significant differences for the barley cultivars, their hybrids, and testing sites for the majority of the traits. Parental cultivars, Rihane, WI2291/Roho/WI2269, and tester Odessa-100 revealed greater practical interest with higher combining ability effects and less dependent on growing conditions that can serve as donors for improving important parameters.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.3