ZH. M. MUKHINA*, N.G. TUMANYAN, E.YU. PAPULOVA, and E.YU. GNENNIY
SUMMARY
The present rice market requires a range of rice products with increased eating and nutritional values. The presented work was carried out within the framework of the breeding program for developing new rice cultivars with desirable grain quality traits based on an integrated approach, using modern methods of trait phenotyping and the genomic approach, post genomic, and cellular technologies. The latest study aimed to phenotype rice cultivars from the Unique Scientific Installation (USI) – Collection of Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Krasnodar, Russia, as sources of valuable grain quality traits. Studied traits included vitreosity, fracturing, and protein and grain amylose content. The coefficient of variation determined the variability of traits and helped identify the best cultivars as sources of valuable traits. The grain quality of harvested sample cultivars showed significant differences. The rice cultivar Thaibonnet gave the best results in terms of grain quality traits and variability. By combining low variability of technologically-tested quality traits and protein content, the rice cultivars Elbrus and Thaibonnet led all the samples. Cultivar Svetlana was characterized by high traits of vitreosity and fracturing and having less variability. The cultivars Leader and Patriot both had high protein content and low trait variability. These cultivars are recommended for use in parental crosses in breeding programs to develop rice genotypes with desirable grain quality traits and nutritional values.
Keywords: Rice breeding, genetic collection, phenotyping, grain quality traits, sources of valuable quality traits
Key findings: Through phenotyping based on rice grain quality traits, the best rice cultivars were identified among the genetic collection with low, moderately high, and high amylose content, and recommended for use in breeding programs for developing rice genotypes with desirable grain quality traits.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.2
A.I. SAKINAH, Y. MUSA, M. FARID, A. HAIRMANSIS, M.F. ANSHORI, and
N. NASARUDDIN
Image-based phenotyping in selecting drought- and salinity-tolerant rice lines is a potential approach to complement other selection criteria. This study aimed to determine tolerance response and selection criteria on drought and salinity stresses based on a morphological and image-based phenotyping character. The experiment, set up in a screen house of the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, consisted of a nested randomized complete group design. The nested replication included stressed environments with two factors and three repetitions. The level of environmental stresses comprised the first factor, i.e., normal (without NaCl and PEG), salinity (60 and 120 mM NaCl), drought (10% and 20% PEG), and combination of drought-salinity (10% PEG + 60 mM NaCl). The second factor entailed the rice genotypes. Observations of the morphological and image-based phenotyping characters ensued. The results indicated that salinity stress had a wider diversity than drought stress, while the multiple stresses had a relatively stable variety compared with single stress. Morphological and image-based phenotyping character increased precision in assessing the tolerance or adaptability of rice to drought stress, salinity, and its combination. The morphological characters that can serve as rice selection criteria in a combination of drought-salinity stress included the shoot and root fresh weights and the root length. As for the image-based phenotyping character, the shoot phenotype width can serve as the selection criterion. Image-based phenotyping characters, especially the shoot phenotype area, were recommended as criteria for precise selection in assessing rice genotypes’ potential tolerance and adaptability to drought stress, salinity, and its combinations.
Key findings: The results showed that the most promising criteria for efficient rice selection under salinity-drought stress consist of the morphological characteristics, i.e., fresh shoot weight, root length, and fresh root weight. Meanwhile, the image-based phenotypic trait criterion consists of the shooting area phenotypes. The study also recommended that combining image-based morphological and phenotypic characters could improve rice tolerance or adaptation to drought, salinity, and combined stress.
Keywords: Rice, adaptability, drought, salinity, image processing, multiple stresse
Date pubished: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.1
A.M.M. AL-NAGGAR, A.M. SOLIMAN, M.H. HUSSIEN, and A.M.H. MOHAMED
In any breeding program, the creation of high-yielding maize hybrids with the best possible heterosis expression depends on the genetic diversity of the parental inbred lines. This study aimed to quantify the genetic diversity of eight inbred lines of maize using morphological features and determine the relationship between heterosis in grain yield per hectare and distance matrices of morphological variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) determined the morphological genetic diversity among the eight inbred lines based on 22 variables. The study assessed heterosis in their diallel crossings in a two-year field experiment utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications. The dissimilarity Euclidean coefficients among the eight maize inbred lines ranged from 0.08 (between L21 and L28) to 0.69 (between L21 and IL80), with an average of 0.38. The results revealed that dissimilarity values based on morphological traits showed a low, positive, and nonsignificant relationship with mid-parent heterosis, better-parent heterosis, and mean grain yield ha-1. To fully comprehend the genetic diversity of maize inbred lines, an extensive analysis of a vast collection of inbred lines from various populations using a variety of morphological traits is necessary.In any breeding program, the creation of high-yielding maize hybrids with the best possible heterosis expression depends on the genetic diversity of the parental inbred lines. This study aimed to quantify the genetic diversity of eight inbred lines of maize using morphological features and determine the relationship between heterosis in grain yield per hectare and distance matrices of morphological variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) determined the morphological genetic diversity among the eight inbred lines based on 22 variables. The study assessed heterosis in their diallel crossings in a two-year field experiment utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications. The dissimilarity Euclidean coefficients among the eight maize inbred lines ranged from 0.08 (between L21 and L28) to 0.69 (between L21 and IL80), with an average of 0.38. The results revealed that dissimilarity values based on morphological traits showed a low, positive, and nonsignificant relationship with mid-parent heterosis, better-parent heterosis, and mean grain yield ha-1. To fully comprehend the genetic diversity of maize inbred lines, an extensive analysis of a vast collection of inbred lines from various populations using a variety of morphological traits is necessary.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Zea mays, genetic diversity, inbred lines, PCA, heterosis, clustering analysis
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.11
M.N.H. AL-YASARI
SUMMARY
Potassium is the third essential nutrient of commercial fertilizers, which strengthens plants’ abilities to resist diseases and plays a vital role in increasing crop yields and overall quality. Nanofertilizers offer benefits in nutrition management through their strong potential to increase nutrient uptake efficiency and release nutrients very slowly compared with conventional fertilizers. Potassium fertilizer and nano-copper fertilization effects on oat (Avena sativa L.) morphological and yield traits have been studied in the spring season 2020–2021 at the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Iraq. The said study conducted research with two factors, viz., potassium fertilizer levels (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1) and nano-copper concentrations (0, 30, and 60 mg L-1) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Potassium fertilization at the rate of 160 kg ha-1 produced the highest mean number of tillers, spikes m2, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, with average values of 510.37 tillers m-2, 438.99 spikes m-2, 41.14 g, 26.52 ton ha-1 , 5.85 ton ha-1 , and 22.00%, respectively. The nano-copper application at the concentration of 60 mg L-1 followed by the values of 478.13 tillers mm-2, 418.87 spikes m-2, 36.91 g, 4.69 ton ha-1, 25.25 ton ha-1, and 22.02%, respectively. The combined use of potassium (160 kg ha-1 and nano-copper (60 mg L-1) proved more effective in boosting the oat grain yield. Results revealed that the oat exhibited more favorable vegetative and productive development features after receiving potassium and nano-copper fertilization.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Oat (Avena sativa L.), potassium, nano-copper, nutrients, fertilization, grain yield
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.20
G.H. ISMAILOVA and I.V. AZIZOV
During their lifetime, plants are constantly exposed to varied environmental factors, which leads to an enhancement in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the antioxidant system (AOS) that controls the level of ROS and protects the plant cells. The latest study considered the changes in the activity of several high molecular weight components of the AOS—ascorbate peroxidase (APO), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (POL)—in two-week old seedlings of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under the influence of different (trivalent ferric oxide and aluminum oxide nanoparticles [NPs]). The study observed the activity of investigated enzymes under the influence of several NPs depends on varietal characteristics in wheat seedlings. In the tested wheat cultivars’ seedlings, ferric oxide NPs led to a sharp increase in activity of APO in the cultivars Dagdash and Gobustan. However, in the seedlings of cultivars, Sheki-1 and Mirbashir-128, a decline in the enzyme activity was observed. Concerning the influence of aluminum oxide NPs, the study affirmed that increasing the concentration of NPs leads to increase in the enzyme activity, in addition to the activity of APO. The results concluded that each plant genotype has its mechanisms for removing the harmful effects of aluminum oxide NPs, which include antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the latest findings can help serve as a basis for the wheat cultivars selection with more resistance to abiotic stress conditions.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L, nanoparticles, activity, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.19
V.I. NEMTINOV, Y.N. KOSTANCHUK, S.M. MOTYLEVA, O.A. PEKHOVA, L.A. TIMASHEVA, V.S. PASHTETSKIY, and A.G. KATSKAYA
SUMMARY
A recent study in 2019-2020 assessed the productivity, the quality of fatty and essential oils, and the mineral composition of eight nigella genotypes at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution (FSBSI), Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Simferopol, Russia. Of the eight genotypes, two cultivars originated from Crimea, Russia (Nigella sativa cv. ‘Krymchanka,’ and Nigella damascena cv. ‘Yalita’), and one each from six European-Asian countries, i.e., Dagestan, Uzbekistan, and Sweden (Nigella sativa), Pakistan and India (Nigella indica), and Belgium (Nigella damascena). The Russian nigella genotypes served as control. Genotypes from three European-Asian countries (Sweden, Pakistan, and Dagestan) distinguished from the rest by their highest seed productivity, i.e., 1.0-1.6 g plant-1, which was 1.7-2.7 times higher than the control cultivar ‘Krymchanka.’ The seed productivity of the genotype N. damascena cv. ‘Yalita’ control was 1.5 times greater than the nigella genotype from Belgium. The N. indica produced the highest fatty oil content (29.9%), which exceeded two other species, i.e., N. sativa and N. damascena by 16%–22%. Fatty oils of nigella also contained essential oils of 0.5% for N. sativa and 1.2% for N. damascena. The essential oil of N. sativa contained dominant components, such as, p-cymene (53.5%) and thymoquinone (19.2%), while N. damascena contained p-cymol (82.2%) and other principal components. The identified samples with the maximum accumulation of fatty and essential oils, and macro and microelements can be used to treat and replenish the deficient elements in the human body. Nigella genotype samples exhibited high accumulation of microelements, viz., potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum in the leaves and seeds.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Nigella genotypes, leaves, seeds, fatty acids and essential oils, mineral elements, submicroscopic scanning, energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction analysis
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.18
J. FENG, М.S. GINS, and V.C. GINS
The recent research evaluated the effects of growth stimulant seed treatment on the morphological traits of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cv. ‗Krepysh‘ grown under optimal and low positive temperature conditions. The seeds were continuously soaked for 4 h in five different solutions of growth stimulants, i.e., salicylic acid (SAA – 138 mg/L), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 – 10 and 50 mmol/L), calcium chloride (CaCl2 – 3000 mg/L), succinic acid (SUA – 500 mg/L), and control (distilled water). The stimulant-primed seeds were germinated at optimal temperature (23°C) and continued to germinate at low temperatures of 10°C (T10) and 23°C (T23). The results showed that seed germination rates viz., germination potential (GP), germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), viability index (VI), and seed vigor index (SVI), were significantly improved with seed quality potential compared with the control. Under low positive temperature, seeds treated with succinic acid, H2O2, and CaCl2 had the most significant effects on improving seed quality and induced cold resistance in the seeds. The morphological indicators of amaranth seedlings, i.e., biomass, hypocotyl, and root length, were also significantly improved with seed treatment by growth stimulants. Priming of amaranth seeds with hydrogen peroxide and succinic acid showed a greater increase in seedlings‘ biomass at room (23°C) and low (10°C) temperatures. The seed treatment with SUA and SAA significantly contributed to enhancing the hypocotyl length. The amaranth roots achieved maximum length after seed treatment with SUA and CaCl2. In general, the seed treatment effects on seedling’s biomass under chilling stress were associated with the potential of inducing cold tolerance in seedlings
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., seed soaking, germination, chilling stress, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, succinic acid
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.17
ROSMAINA, ZULFAHMI, M. JANNAH, and SOBIR
SUMMARY
Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a horticultural plant susceptible to high-temperature stress. This research studied how agronomic and physiological characteristics of chili decline due to high temperature and determined the threshold value of temperature decreasing 50% of its yield. The experiment layout followed a randomized design, consisting of five temperature stress levels (in the growth chamber), namely, 31°C (daily temperature as a control), 33°C, 35°C, 37°C, and 39°C, with an exposure duration of 10 h. The temperature stress started when the plant reached the flowering phase. The plant parameters observed included agronomic and physiological characteristics. The study results showed that high-temperature decreased production significantly with the decline in all agronomic and physiological traits. The threshold temperature at 32.86°C has reduced the production of chili plants by 50% compared with the control. The study found that an increase in temperature of 2°C for 10 h in the flowering phase reduces chili production by 68.78%, and temperature stress at a maximum of 39°C for 10 h during flowering reduces chili production up to 87.52%. Hence, based on the study results, future research on chili should focus on developing varieties that are adaptive to high temperatures.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), heat stress, pollen viability, stomatal damage, flowering stage, yield
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.15
D. MARTANTI, Y.S. POERBA, WITJAKSONO, HERLINA and F. AHMAD
SUMMARY
The banana cultivar “Pisang Rejang” (Musa AA “Pisang Rejang”) is Fusarium wilt resistant and therefore important for banana breeding. Tetraploid (4x) and mixoploid (2x+4x) plants of this cultivar have been induced with oryzalin, and crosses of these two ploidy levels resulted in a triploid hybrid (3x) plant. The availability of these various ploidy levels needs to be accompanied by data on their reproductive biology for their efficient utilization for breeding. This study characterized male flowers concerning qualitative and quantitative morphology, pollen viability, pollen size, nectar volume, nectar Brix index, and acidity level of those different ploidy levels. Observations indicated no differences in qualitative morphological traits, such as, shape and color, but for quantitative morphological traits, such as, size, distinction existed among the different ploidy levels. The triploid plant has huge flower parts in all the quantitative morphological traits, except compound tepal width, followed by the tetraploid, diploid, and mixoploid. Variations also occurred in pollen viability, pollen size, and nectar characters from each level of ploidy. Pollen viability is the highest for the diploid plant, while the tetraploid plant produces bigger pollen than the diploid. The triploid plant produced a low percentage of viable pollen. The study findings indicate that ploidy level affects the flower’s quantitative morphological characteristics, pollen viability, and pollen size, but not the flower’s qualitative morphological characteristics.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Pollen, viability, nectar, morphological character, breeding
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.14
S.A. ALMUKHTAR and S.G.SH. BAJLAN
SUMMARY
Grecian foxglove (Digitalis lanata L.) is an ornamental plant rich in cardiac glycosides, which stimulates heart activities and achieves greater attention for propagation through various traditional methods and modern tissue culture using gamma irradiation alone and in combination with polyamines. The recent study aimed to screen and select the effective doses and concentrations of irradiation and polyamines, respectively, for better growth traits of Digitalis lanata. The D. lanata seeds were irradiated with gamma-ray doses (0, 25, 50 grays [Gy]), and the spermidine (SPD) was used with various concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg L-1). The results showed the superiority of gamma radiation with a dosage of 50 Gy by achieving the highest average germination rate of 100% (7.10 seeds day-1). In the rooting experiment, results further indicated that the radiation treatment (50 Gy) also excelled over other treatments, giving the highest percentage of rooting and root number, and root length, as well as, fresh and dried weights of root total, with values of 65.80%, 41.18 roots plant-1, 3.83 cm, 1.90 mg, and 0.90 mg, respectively compared with neutral (control) treatment. Concerning the effect of polyamine, the concentration of 1.5 mg L-1 proved to lead by producing the highest percentage of rooting and root number, roots length, as well as, fresh and dried weights of root total, amounting to 73%, 54.18 roots plant-1, 4.21 cm, 2.25 mg, and 1.19 mg, respectively compared with control. Low-dose gamma irradiation affected the seed germination and growth traits of D. lanata. The individual use of spermidine (polyamine) also enhanced the root number and length.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Grecian foxglove (Digitalis lanata L.), gamma rays, polyamine spermidine, plant tissue culture, germination, rooting, fresh and dry root weight
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.13