A. ALI, M. JAVED, M. ALI, S.U. RAHMAN, M. KASHIF, and S.U. KHAN
Citation: Ali A, Javed M, Ali M, Rahman SU, Kashif M, Khan SU (2024). Genetic variability, heritability, and genetic gain in F3 populations of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for production traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 505-518. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.5.
Summary
Wheat is a globally dominant staple food and one of the highest-consumed products because of its taste, texture, and bread quality. Genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advancement are essential to learning about the yield potential of crops. Finding out wheat’s heritability and genetic advance led to this study’s design at the research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, in 2021–2022. The experiment began using 27 wheat genotypes comprising nine parents and 18 F3 populations evaluated in a random complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Highly significant variations observed came from analysis of variance among parents and F3 populations for days to heading, plant height, tillers plant-1, flag leaf area, spikelet’s spike-1, the number of grains spike-1, a thousand-grain weight, and biomass yield. The highest heritability estimates of 0.82, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.86, 0.76, 0.88, 0.86, 0.89, 0.87, 0.86, and 0.84 emerged from Watan × Janbaz, Fakhr-e-Sarhad × AUP-5008, Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, Barsat × Tatara, Fakhr-e- Sarhad × Tatara, Pirsabak-2005 × Tatara, Watan × Tatara, Watan × AUP-5008, AUP-4008 × Janbaz, Barsat × Tatara, Watan × AUP-5008, and Barsat x Janbaz, respectively, for productive traits. The highest values of genetic advance were 32.71, 20.33, 35.08, and 34.24 for Fakhr-e-Sarhad × AUP-5008, Fakhr-e-Sarhad × Janbaz, Pirsabak-2005 × Tatara, and Watan × Tatara, respectively. The parental genotypes Janbaz and AUP-5008 were the most promising genotypes recommended for further evaluation in upcoming breeding schemes.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), F3 populations, genetic variability, heritability, genetic gain, production traits
The analysis of variance showed highly prominent variation among genotypes, parents, and F3 populations for most traits observed. The parental genotypes, Janbaz and AUP-5008, and F3 populations, Watan × Janbaz, Fakhr-e-Sarhad × AUP-5008, and Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, exhibited the shortest plants, lengthiest spikes, highest spikelet’s spike-1, higher grains spike-1, early maturing, and remarkably high thousand-grain weight. Saleem-2000 × Janbaz hybrid was smaller and early ripening, with the highest grain yield spike-1, biological, and 1000-grain weight. The hybrid, Watan × Tatara, showed shorter plants, long spikes, a broader flag leaf, the shortest days to heading and maturity, the highest grain yield spike-1, maximum 1000-grain weight, and higher biological yield. Therefore, these genotypes have the potential to benefit future breeding programs.
M.R. ROMADHON, SOBIR, W.B. SUWARNO, MIFTAHORRACHMAN, and D.D. MATRA
Citation: Romadhon MR, Sobir, Suwarno WB, Miftahorrachman, Matra DD (2024). Stability analysis of fruit weight and seed weight over years on fourteen Indonesian local areca nut accessions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 493-504. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.4
Summary
Evaluating the stability of local areca nut accession across seasons and years is vital to understanding the production trend and potential. Genotypes with stability across seasons and years indicate their adaptability to different climates, pests, and disease attacks over time. This study aimed to evaluate the fruit and seed weights of 14 Indonesian local areca nut accessions to elucidate the G × E effect on these traits. The research transpired at the Kayuwatu Experimental Station, Palm Research Institute, Manado, North Sulawesi Province, from January 2017 to December 2021. The genetic materials were 14 accessions of areca nut, along with two earlier released local varieties (Emas Areca nut and Betara Areca nut). The experiment ran for five years in one location. The research showed that the G × E interaction significantly affected the fruit and seed weights. The Malinow 1 genotype had the heaviest fruit weight of 57.46 g, and the Betara genotype had a seed weight of 20.06 g. According to a parametric assessment, stable accessions were Betara, Galangsuka, Pinangwangi, SK1, and Malinow 1, and they had above-average fruit and seed weights. This study revealed different stability profiles among areca nut accessions, substantiating the importance of the G × E effect on yield.
This study identified stable areca nut accessions over the years based on fruit and seed weight characteristics, viz., Malinow 1, Galangsuka, Betara, SK1, SK2, and Pinangwangi.
A. AMZERI, SUHARTONO, S. FATIMAH, G. PAWANA, and K.P.W. SUKMA
Citation: Amzeri A, Suhartono, Fatimah S, Pawana G, Sukma KPW (2024). Combining ability analysis in maize diallel hybrid. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 476-492. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.3
Summary
The latest study strategized to evaluate the maize populations by combining ability analysis under optimum and drought-stress environments to assemble the promising parental inbred lines and their hybrid populations with high productivity and resistance to drought stress. From the collection of the Trunojoyo Madura University, Indonesia, came five maize pure lines (UTM 2, UTM 7, UTM 10, UTM 19, and UTM 31) that received crossing in a complete diallel fashion to obtain 20 hybrid populations. The performance of five parental inbred lines and their 20 F1 hybrids’ evaluation in crop season 2021 had a randomized complete block design with three replications under four each for optimum and drought-stress environmental conditions. Data recording ensued on grain yield and drought susceptibility index (DSI). The GCA and SCA variances revealed that grain yield had more influences from the dominant genes with maternal effects at the eight locations; hence, the parental lines have less stimulus on the hybrids’ performance. The genotype UTM2 (G1) appeared resistant to drought-stress conditions based on the DSI value (0.70) and has positive GCA effects for grain yield. Therefore, it can better serve to improve drought resistance and grain yield. The results further exhibited that six maize hybrids, i.e., G3 (UTM 2 × UTM 10), G6 (UTM 7 × UTM 2), G10 (UTM 7 × UTM 31), G11 (UTM 10 × UTM 2), G22 (UTM 31 × UTM 10), and G24 (UTM 31 × UTM 19) were remarkable as commercial hybrids with high grain yield and resistance to drought stress.
The maize inbred line UTM2 was potentially resistant to drought stress conditions with a DSI of 0.70, and it also gave positive GCA effects for grain yield; thus, it can be functional to assemble maize hybrids with high productivity and resistance to drought stress. Six maize hybrids G3 (UTM 2 × UTM 10), G6 (UTM 7 × UTM 2), G10 (UTM 7 × UTM 31), G11 (UTM 10 × UTM 2), G22 (UTM 31 × UTM 10), and G24 (UTM 31 × UTM 19) emerged highly recommendable as commercial hybrids with high productivity and resistance to drought stress conditions.
Citation: Tetyannikov NV, Bome NA, Bazyuk DA (2024). Yield stability analysis of barley mutants using parametric and nonparametric statistics. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 463-475. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.2.
Summary
Yield stability analysis is important in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding to produce the highest and most stable yields. This study used parametric and nonparametric statistical methods to assess the barley genotypes’ stability. It aimed to assess the 40 barley mutants belonging to the subspecies of two-rowed and six-rowed barley obtained after mutagenic treatment with phosphemide in two concentrations. The study transpired in 2020–2022 in Russia’s South Moscow and Tyumen regions. The results revealed that environment (46.6%), genotypes (9.1%), and the interaction of environment by study location (26.2%) and genotype by environment (9.5%) contributed the most to grain yield in barley. The highest correlation appeared among the variables. i.e., Wᵢ² и σ²ᵢ, 𝜃ᵢ, S²dᵢ; 𝜃ᵢ и σ²ᵢ, S²dᵢ; NP(4) и S(3), S(6); S(1) и S(2); S(2) и S(3); KR; NP(2) и NP(3) (r = 0.80-1.00); 𝜃(i) и Wᵢ², σ²ᵢ, S²dᵢ; and 𝜃ᵢ и 𝜃(i) ( r = – 0.92-1.00). Higher correlation with grain yield emerged with bi (r = 0.52); S(6) (r = – 0.77); NP(2) (r = – 0.78); NP(3) (r = – 0.79); NP(4) (r = – 0.78); and KR (r = – 0.65). The most stable yields characterized by six-rowed mutants are G20, G22, and G28, derived from the hooded cultivar. The mutants G1, G2, and G40, belonging to the two-rowed barley subspecies, had the highest grain yield potential with less stability.
Two-rowed and six-rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare L., phosphemide concentrations, chemical mutagenesis, genotype by environment interaction, stability parameters, correlation, grain yield
The article discussed the results of yield and stability analyses in two-rowed and six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants of M5-M7 generations in different ecological areas using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods.
Citation: Osadchuk MA, Osadchuk AM, Trushin MV (2024). The history of plant breeding in the Russian Federation. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 453-462. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.1
Summary
The beginning of organized breeding work in Russia concretized at the end of the 19th century in two capitals of the Russian Empire: in 1877 at St. Petersburg and in 1881 in Moscow, where seed quality control stations first opened. The stations’ work transfer to scientific-based functions commenced in the first half of the 20th century by N.I. Vavilov. Under his leadership, the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR organized an extensive network of 115 breeding and experimental stations. The 20 to 30 years of the 20th century displayed epoch-making discoveries by Russian scientists in the field of genetics. In 1920, N.I. Vavilov discovered and formulated the law of homological series in hereditary variability. In 1925, pioneering worldwide, Russian scientists, under the influence of ionizing radiation, received mutations in yeast fungi. During the same years, S.S. Chetverikov and his students laid the foundation for evolutionary genetics, which became an impetus for developing the modern genetic breeding theory. Later, in the 1930s of the 20th century, A.A. Serebrovsky and N.P. Dubinin proved the divisibility of the gene and substantiated the theory of its complex structure. Based on this discovery, geneticists globally, studying the patterns of inheritance and variability, have discovered and continue to uncover new breeding means.
Russian Federation, selection, breeding, Vavilov
At present, recognizing that breeding and seed production in Russia today are in a challenging state against the background of a rapidly growing market of seeds of foreign selection is urgent. It should be a consideration since realizing the biological potential of the variety is the main factor in increasing production volumes, improving product quality, and reducing its cost. As a result, in addition to economic attractiveness, it guarantees the country’s food independence.
The existent research aimed to study the effects of irrigation with liquefied water, saline-well water, and foliar application of aspartic and ascorbic acids on the chemical properties of grafted orange seedlings in the years 2020–2021 at the Horticulture and Forestry Division, Najaf Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. The main plot was the irrigation water (liquefied and saline-well water). Meanwhile, foliar application of aspartic acid (0, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) and ascorbic acid (0, 4000 mg.L-1) served as the second and third factors in subplots. Compared with the saline-well water, regular liquefied water had a significant positive impact on the improvement of chemical traits, i.e., the liquefied water attained the highest rate of nitrogen content in leaves (2.600%) compared with the saline-well water (2.239%). Ascorbic acid (4000 mg.L-1) also had a significant effect on the leaf’s contents, providing the highest percentage of phosphorus (0.4060%) and reduced sodium (0.5277%) compared with the control in the leaves of orange seedlings. The saline-well water with no addition of ascorbic acid (control) provided the highest average content of the amino acid proline (132.2 μg.g-1 fresh weight) in the sweet orange leaves compared with the other treatments and their interactions. Sweet orange seedlings with foliar application of aspartic and ascorbic acids authenticated that the peroxidase activity rate appeared more effective than all other treatments and the control.
Key findings: Salinity impacts agriculture, thus the need to induce crop plants with salt tolerance to sustain their economic output. Antioxidants, such as, aspartic and ascorbic acids, have auxinic action and a synergistic effect on salinity tolerance and plant growth.
Philippine traditional maize has long existed for hundreds of years, facing and coping with continuous threats of different pests and diseases, with Asian corn borer and fall armyworm as the most damaging insect pests. Developing resistant varieties can employ rich genetic resources, as these varieties may have likely adapted to these biotic stresses. The development of ACB-resistant varieties proved successful with the Bt corn introduction; however, the attempt to breed for resistance to FAW is still underway. The two insect pests belong under the same Order, and cross-resistance between these pests may be possible. In this study, several traditional maize varieties underwent screening for resistance to ACB and FAW through larval survival on leaf-feeding assay. Among the accessions observed, three variants of APN 0120 (Silangan) and three other traditional maize (APN 0397, APN 0913, APN 0938) showed intermediate to high resistance toward FAW leaf damage. Few of these resistant varieties showed negative to Bt introgression. The most notable is the variant SI of APN 0120, with high resistance to ACB and FAW and low larval weight, without the presence of Bt. A previous report stated the original collection of this accession have potential ACB resistance, although Bt-introgressed. On the other hand, APN 0397 (Lagkitan), introgressed with Bt Cry1Ab, expressed dual resistance to ACB and FAW, too. It elucidates the reaction and potential of previously screened ACB-resistant varieties against FAW and the efficiency of Cry1Ab against FAW. It also demonstrates the potential of the traditional maize as source of germplasm to be explored to promote the utilization of open-pollinated varieties with inherent insect resistance. Moreover, this paper establishes massrearing procedures and laboratory techniques for effective fall armyworm-resistance screening using excised leaf method.
Keywords: Asian corn borer, bioassay technique, fall armyworm, host plant resistance, insect resistance, Philippine traditional maize
Key findings: Eight variants of Philippine traditional maize APN 0120 and two other conventional varieties showed potential resistance to ACB leaf feeding. In addition, three APN 120 variants and three more traditional maize exhibited possible fall armyworm leaf-feeding resistance. Dual resistance to both insect pests took notice on a few entries.
This current research proceeded during the growing season of 2021 at the Al-Nakhil Station, Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to evaluate the response of hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) ‘OULA F1’ to foliar application of organic fertilizers NP and calcium. The first factor included spraying phosphorous and nitrogen with three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1), while the second consisted of calcium spray with three different concentrations (0, 1.25, and 2.5 ml.L-1). The experiment was setup according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a factorial arrangement. The results showed that the organic fertilizer rich in phosphorus at a concentration of 2 ml.L-1 significantly improved the traits, i.e., plant height (49.98 cm), leaf number (34.80 leaves.plant1), leaf area (3775.90 cm2.plant-1), shoot dry weight (156.70 g.plant-1), and leaf content of total chlorophyll (183.19 mg.l00g-1 FW) in comparison with the control treatment. Also, the same concentration of phosphorus revealed superiority in the percentage of N, P, K, and Ca in tomato leaves and fruit yield per plant (1.79%, 0.71%, 2.23%, 1.69%, and 2.89% kg.plant-1, respectively), compared with the control treatment. Moreover, the results further revealed that the organic calcium fertilizer at a concentration of 2.5 ml L-1 realized the highest averages for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf N percent, leaf P percent, leaf K percent, and fruit yield per plant by 52.39 cm, 35.27 leaves.plant-1, 3850.20 cm2.plant-1, 175.73 g.plant-1, 1.74%, 0.70%, 2.17%, and 3.12 kg.plant-1, respectively. The foliar application of calcium at a concentration of 1.25 ml.L-1 provided the maximum total chlorophyll (175.03 mg.l00g-1 FW) and Ca (1.74%) in the leaves.
Keywords: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), organic fertilizer, phosphorus and nitrogen, calcium, total chlorophyll, growth and yield traits
Key findings: Results showed that the foliar application of organic fertilizers rich in phosphorus and nitrogen (2 ml.L-1) and calcium (2.5 ml.L-1), individually or in combination, have significantly improved most of the growth and yield traits in the hybrid tomato.
The latest study aimed to assess the response of the broad bean to the magnetically-treated irrigation water and foliar application of nano-seaweed extract for growth and productivity traits. This experiment took place during the growing season of 2020–2021 under field conditions at Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Turkish broad bean cultivar ‘Luz-de-otono’ was grown in a split-plot design by two factors with three replicates. The main plots received magnetized irrigation water with three diverse intensities (zero, 1000, and 2000 Gauss), while the nano-seaweed extract with three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1) in the subplots. On average, the magnetization treatment at 2000 Gauss attained significant improvement in the growth and morphological traits (plant height, branch number per plant, leaf number, leaf area, and total leaf chlorophyll content) and yield traits (pod number, pod weight, plant yield, and total yield), compared with the control that gave the lowest values. Nanoseaweed foliar application at 2 ml.L-1 also revealed a significant increase and improvement in the same growth, morphological, and yield-related traits aforementioned, compared with the control treatment that gave the minimum values. Correspondingly, the interaction between both factors (magnetization intensity 2000 Gauss + Seaweed at 2 ml.L-1) also showed significant effects and provided the highest averages of plant height (36.05 cm), branch number per plant (7.04 branch.plant-1), leaf number (72.19 leaves.plant-1), leaf area (3775.88 cm2.plant-1), and total leaf chlorophyll content (45.47 mg.100 g-1 FW) and yield traits: pod number (19.11 pods.plant-1), pod weight (26.87 g), plant yield (513.49 g), and total yield (11.61 t.ha-1), compared with the control treatment.
Key findings: Irrigation water at magnetization intensity (2000 Gauss) and the exogenous application of nano-seaweed extract at 2 ml.L-1 individually and in combination have significantly enhanced the growth and yield traits in broad beans (Vicia faba L.).
F.R. HAMED, H.E.M. ISMAIL, M.F. ABO EL-MAATI, and E.M. DESOKY
SUMMARY
The vermicompost and exogenous plant extracts as a foliar application can provide as an alternative means to enhance the growth and yield of leafy vegetable crops under low-fertility soil conditions. The objectives of the recent study sought to characterize the effect of vermicompost tea in combining some natural plant extracts to enhance the growth and yield of the lettuce plant. A study on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) took place during two successive seasons, in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, using foliar spray— vermicompost-tea rates in combination with rosemary leaf extract (RLE) and eucalyptus buds extract (EBE). It sought to determine the effects on growth, yield, and some physiological and biochemical traits of lettuce (cv. ‘Dark Green’) grown on sandy soil with drip irrigation. The experiment employed the split-plot design, with four rates of vermicompost tea (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) as main plots and three plant extract levels (without, RLE, and EBE) as subplots. The vermicompost tea and plant extracts increased the growth characteristics, photochemical activity, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, membrane stability index, excised leaf water retention, vitamins C and E, and total soluble solids in lettuce plants compared with the untreated control plots. The interaction and combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and RLE proved most effective in enhancing the growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce. Therefore, the integrative application of vermicompost tea (20%) with RLE comes highly recommended for growing lettuce in sandy soil conditions.
Keywords: Vermicompost tea, rosemary leaf extract, eucalyptus buds extract, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, total soluble solids
Key findings: The combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and rosemary leaf extract proved the most effective treatment to enhance growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce under sandy soil conditions.