A. AMZERI, SUHARTONO, S. FATIMAH, G. PAWANA, and K.P.W. SUKMA
Citation: Amzeri A, Suhartono, Fatimah S, Pawana G, Sukma KPW (2024). Combining ability analysis in maize diallel hybrid. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 476-492. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.3
Summary
The latest study strategized to evaluate the maize populations by combining ability analysis under optimum and drought-stress environments to assemble the promising parental inbred lines and their hybrid populations with high productivity and resistance to drought stress. From the collection of the Trunojoyo Madura University, Indonesia, came five maize pure lines (UTM 2, UTM 7, UTM 10, UTM 19, and UTM 31) that received crossing in a complete diallel fashion to obtain 20 hybrid populations. The performance of five parental inbred lines and their 20 F1 hybrids’ evaluation in crop season 2021 had a randomized complete block design with three replications under four each for optimum and drought-stress environmental conditions. Data recording ensued on grain yield and drought susceptibility index (DSI). The GCA and SCA variances revealed that grain yield had more influences from the dominant genes with maternal effects at the eight locations; hence, the parental lines have less stimulus on the hybrids’ performance. The genotype UTM2 (G1) appeared resistant to drought-stress conditions based on the DSI value (0.70) and has positive GCA effects for grain yield. Therefore, it can better serve to improve drought resistance and grain yield. The results further exhibited that six maize hybrids, i.e., G3 (UTM 2 × UTM 10), G6 (UTM 7 × UTM 2), G10 (UTM 7 × UTM 31), G11 (UTM 10 × UTM 2), G22 (UTM 31 × UTM 10), and G24 (UTM 31 × UTM 19) were remarkable as commercial hybrids with high grain yield and resistance to drought stress.
The maize inbred line UTM2 was potentially resistant to drought stress conditions with a DSI of 0.70, and it also gave positive GCA effects for grain yield; thus, it can be functional to assemble maize hybrids with high productivity and resistance to drought stress. Six maize hybrids G3 (UTM 2 × UTM 10), G6 (UTM 7 × UTM 2), G10 (UTM 7 × UTM 31), G11 (UTM 10 × UTM 2), G22 (UTM 31 × UTM 10), and G24 (UTM 31 × UTM 19) emerged highly recommendable as commercial hybrids with high productivity and resistance to drought stress conditions.
Citation: Tetyannikov NV, Bome NA, Bazyuk DA (2024). Yield stability analysis of barley mutants using parametric and nonparametric statistics. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 463-475. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.2.
Summary
Yield stability analysis is important in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding to produce the highest and most stable yields. This study used parametric and nonparametric statistical methods to assess the barley genotypes’ stability. It aimed to assess the 40 barley mutants belonging to the subspecies of two-rowed and six-rowed barley obtained after mutagenic treatment with phosphemide in two concentrations. The study transpired in 2020–2022 in Russia’s South Moscow and Tyumen regions. The results revealed that environment (46.6%), genotypes (9.1%), and the interaction of environment by study location (26.2%) and genotype by environment (9.5%) contributed the most to grain yield in barley. The highest correlation appeared among the variables. i.e., Wᵢ² и σ²ᵢ, 𝜃ᵢ, S²dᵢ; 𝜃ᵢ и σ²ᵢ, S²dᵢ; NP(4) и S(3), S(6); S(1) и S(2); S(2) и S(3); KR; NP(2) и NP(3) (r = 0.80-1.00); 𝜃(i) и Wᵢ², σ²ᵢ, S²dᵢ; and 𝜃ᵢ и 𝜃(i) ( r = – 0.92-1.00). Higher correlation with grain yield emerged with bi (r = 0.52); S(6) (r = – 0.77); NP(2) (r = – 0.78); NP(3) (r = – 0.79); NP(4) (r = – 0.78); and KR (r = – 0.65). The most stable yields characterized by six-rowed mutants are G20, G22, and G28, derived from the hooded cultivar. The mutants G1, G2, and G40, belonging to the two-rowed barley subspecies, had the highest grain yield potential with less stability.
Two-rowed and six-rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare L., phosphemide concentrations, chemical mutagenesis, genotype by environment interaction, stability parameters, correlation, grain yield
The article discussed the results of yield and stability analyses in two-rowed and six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants of M5-M7 generations in different ecological areas using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods.
Citation: Osadchuk MA, Osadchuk AM, Trushin MV (2024). The history of plant breeding in the Russian Federation. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(2): 453-462. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.2.1
Summary
The beginning of organized breeding work in Russia concretized at the end of the 19th century in two capitals of the Russian Empire: in 1877 at St. Petersburg and in 1881 in Moscow, where seed quality control stations first opened. The stations’ work transfer to scientific-based functions commenced in the first half of the 20th century by N.I. Vavilov. Under his leadership, the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR organized an extensive network of 115 breeding and experimental stations. The 20 to 30 years of the 20th century displayed epoch-making discoveries by Russian scientists in the field of genetics. In 1920, N.I. Vavilov discovered and formulated the law of homological series in hereditary variability. In 1925, pioneering worldwide, Russian scientists, under the influence of ionizing radiation, received mutations in yeast fungi. During the same years, S.S. Chetverikov and his students laid the foundation for evolutionary genetics, which became an impetus for developing the modern genetic breeding theory. Later, in the 1930s of the 20th century, A.A. Serebrovsky and N.P. Dubinin proved the divisibility of the gene and substantiated the theory of its complex structure. Based on this discovery, geneticists globally, studying the patterns of inheritance and variability, have discovered and continue to uncover new breeding means.
Russian Federation, selection, breeding, Vavilov
At present, recognizing that breeding and seed production in Russia today are in a challenging state against the background of a rapidly growing market of seeds of foreign selection is urgent. It should be a consideration since realizing the biological potential of the variety is the main factor in increasing production volumes, improving product quality, and reducing its cost. As a result, in addition to economic attractiveness, it guarantees the country’s food independence.
The existent research aimed to study the effects of irrigation with liquefied water, saline-well water, and foliar application of aspartic and ascorbic acids on the chemical properties of grafted orange seedlings in the years 2020–2021 at the Horticulture and Forestry Division, Najaf Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. The main plot was the irrigation water (liquefied and saline-well water). Meanwhile, foliar application of aspartic acid (0, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) and ascorbic acid (0, 4000 mg.L-1) served as the second and third factors in subplots. Compared with the saline-well water, regular liquefied water had a significant positive impact on the improvement of chemical traits, i.e., the liquefied water attained the highest rate of nitrogen content in leaves (2.600%) compared with the saline-well water (2.239%). Ascorbic acid (4000 mg.L-1) also had a significant effect on the leaf’s contents, providing the highest percentage of phosphorus (0.4060%) and reduced sodium (0.5277%) compared with the control in the leaves of orange seedlings. The saline-well water with no addition of ascorbic acid (control) provided the highest average content of the amino acid proline (132.2 μg.g-1 fresh weight) in the sweet orange leaves compared with the other treatments and their interactions. Sweet orange seedlings with foliar application of aspartic and ascorbic acids authenticated that the peroxidase activity rate appeared more effective than all other treatments and the control.
Key findings: Salinity impacts agriculture, thus the need to induce crop plants with salt tolerance to sustain their economic output. Antioxidants, such as, aspartic and ascorbic acids, have auxinic action and a synergistic effect on salinity tolerance and plant growth.
Philippine traditional maize has long existed for hundreds of years, facing and coping with continuous threats of different pests and diseases, with Asian corn borer and fall armyworm as the most damaging insect pests. Developing resistant varieties can employ rich genetic resources, as these varieties may have likely adapted to these biotic stresses. The development of ACB-resistant varieties proved successful with the Bt corn introduction; however, the attempt to breed for resistance to FAW is still underway. The two insect pests belong under the same Order, and cross-resistance between these pests may be possible. In this study, several traditional maize varieties underwent screening for resistance to ACB and FAW through larval survival on leaf-feeding assay. Among the accessions observed, three variants of APN 0120 (Silangan) and three other traditional maize (APN 0397, APN 0913, APN 0938) showed intermediate to high resistance toward FAW leaf damage. Few of these resistant varieties showed negative to Bt introgression. The most notable is the variant SI of APN 0120, with high resistance to ACB and FAW and low larval weight, without the presence of Bt. A previous report stated the original collection of this accession have potential ACB resistance, although Bt-introgressed. On the other hand, APN 0397 (Lagkitan), introgressed with Bt Cry1Ab, expressed dual resistance to ACB and FAW, too. It elucidates the reaction and potential of previously screened ACB-resistant varieties against FAW and the efficiency of Cry1Ab against FAW. It also demonstrates the potential of the traditional maize as source of germplasm to be explored to promote the utilization of open-pollinated varieties with inherent insect resistance. Moreover, this paper establishes massrearing procedures and laboratory techniques for effective fall armyworm-resistance screening using excised leaf method.
Keywords: Asian corn borer, bioassay technique, fall armyworm, host plant resistance, insect resistance, Philippine traditional maize
Key findings: Eight variants of Philippine traditional maize APN 0120 and two other conventional varieties showed potential resistance to ACB leaf feeding. In addition, three APN 120 variants and three more traditional maize exhibited possible fall armyworm leaf-feeding resistance. Dual resistance to both insect pests took notice on a few entries.
This current research proceeded during the growing season of 2021 at the Al-Nakhil Station, Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to evaluate the response of hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) ‘OULA F1’ to foliar application of organic fertilizers NP and calcium. The first factor included spraying phosphorous and nitrogen with three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1), while the second consisted of calcium spray with three different concentrations (0, 1.25, and 2.5 ml.L-1). The experiment was setup according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a factorial arrangement. The results showed that the organic fertilizer rich in phosphorus at a concentration of 2 ml.L-1 significantly improved the traits, i.e., plant height (49.98 cm), leaf number (34.80 leaves.plant1), leaf area (3775.90 cm2.plant-1), shoot dry weight (156.70 g.plant-1), and leaf content of total chlorophyll (183.19 mg.l00g-1 FW) in comparison with the control treatment. Also, the same concentration of phosphorus revealed superiority in the percentage of N, P, K, and Ca in tomato leaves and fruit yield per plant (1.79%, 0.71%, 2.23%, 1.69%, and 2.89% kg.plant-1, respectively), compared with the control treatment. Moreover, the results further revealed that the organic calcium fertilizer at a concentration of 2.5 ml L-1 realized the highest averages for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf N percent, leaf P percent, leaf K percent, and fruit yield per plant by 52.39 cm, 35.27 leaves.plant-1, 3850.20 cm2.plant-1, 175.73 g.plant-1, 1.74%, 0.70%, 2.17%, and 3.12 kg.plant-1, respectively. The foliar application of calcium at a concentration of 1.25 ml.L-1 provided the maximum total chlorophyll (175.03 mg.l00g-1 FW) and Ca (1.74%) in the leaves.
Keywords: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), organic fertilizer, phosphorus and nitrogen, calcium, total chlorophyll, growth and yield traits
Key findings: Results showed that the foliar application of organic fertilizers rich in phosphorus and nitrogen (2 ml.L-1) and calcium (2.5 ml.L-1), individually or in combination, have significantly improved most of the growth and yield traits in the hybrid tomato.
The latest study aimed to assess the response of the broad bean to the magnetically-treated irrigation water and foliar application of nano-seaweed extract for growth and productivity traits. This experiment took place during the growing season of 2020–2021 under field conditions at Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Turkish broad bean cultivar ‘Luz-de-otono’ was grown in a split-plot design by two factors with three replicates. The main plots received magnetized irrigation water with three diverse intensities (zero, 1000, and 2000 Gauss), while the nano-seaweed extract with three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1) in the subplots. On average, the magnetization treatment at 2000 Gauss attained significant improvement in the growth and morphological traits (plant height, branch number per plant, leaf number, leaf area, and total leaf chlorophyll content) and yield traits (pod number, pod weight, plant yield, and total yield), compared with the control that gave the lowest values. Nanoseaweed foliar application at 2 ml.L-1 also revealed a significant increase and improvement in the same growth, morphological, and yield-related traits aforementioned, compared with the control treatment that gave the minimum values. Correspondingly, the interaction between both factors (magnetization intensity 2000 Gauss + Seaweed at 2 ml.L-1) also showed significant effects and provided the highest averages of plant height (36.05 cm), branch number per plant (7.04 branch.plant-1), leaf number (72.19 leaves.plant-1), leaf area (3775.88 cm2.plant-1), and total leaf chlorophyll content (45.47 mg.100 g-1 FW) and yield traits: pod number (19.11 pods.plant-1), pod weight (26.87 g), plant yield (513.49 g), and total yield (11.61 t.ha-1), compared with the control treatment.
Key findings: Irrigation water at magnetization intensity (2000 Gauss) and the exogenous application of nano-seaweed extract at 2 ml.L-1 individually and in combination have significantly enhanced the growth and yield traits in broad beans (Vicia faba L.).
F.R. HAMED, H.E.M. ISMAIL, M.F. ABO EL-MAATI, and E.M. DESOKY
SUMMARY
The vermicompost and exogenous plant extracts as a foliar application can provide as an alternative means to enhance the growth and yield of leafy vegetable crops under low-fertility soil conditions. The objectives of the recent study sought to characterize the effect of vermicompost tea in combining some natural plant extracts to enhance the growth and yield of the lettuce plant. A study on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) took place during two successive seasons, in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, using foliar spray— vermicompost-tea rates in combination with rosemary leaf extract (RLE) and eucalyptus buds extract (EBE). It sought to determine the effects on growth, yield, and some physiological and biochemical traits of lettuce (cv. ‘Dark Green’) grown on sandy soil with drip irrigation. The experiment employed the split-plot design, with four rates of vermicompost tea (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) as main plots and three plant extract levels (without, RLE, and EBE) as subplots. The vermicompost tea and plant extracts increased the growth characteristics, photochemical activity, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, membrane stability index, excised leaf water retention, vitamins C and E, and total soluble solids in lettuce plants compared with the untreated control plots. The interaction and combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and RLE proved most effective in enhancing the growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce. Therefore, the integrative application of vermicompost tea (20%) with RLE comes highly recommended for growing lettuce in sandy soil conditions.
Keywords: Vermicompost tea, rosemary leaf extract, eucalyptus buds extract, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, total soluble solids
Key findings: The combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and rosemary leaf extract proved the most effective treatment to enhance growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce under sandy soil conditions.
A field experiment on a local peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar transpired in the spring season of 2021 at the Al-Hussainiya region, Holy Kerbala, Iraq (Latitude: 32.6160; Longitude: 44.0249). The completed study aimed to determine peanut response to weed control, foliar application of nano-zinc, and their interaction in growth, yield, and quality traits. The experiment laid out in a split-plot design with two factors (weed control and nano-zinc foliar application) had three replications. The nano-zinc concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) occupied the main plots, with the weed control treatments kept in sub-plots. Weed control included the control (T0 – no weed control), manual hoeing (T1), and weed control with pre-emergence (pre-em) herbicides, i.e., Trifluralin (T2) and Pendimethalin (T3), and post-emergence (post-em) herbicides, viz., Oxyfluorfen (T4) and Clethodim (T5). The results showed that post-em herbicide Oxyfluorfen gave superior enhancement on the vegetative dry weight, pods per plant, seeds per plant, total pod yield, protein, and zinc in the seeds with increased values of 52.0%, 265.1%, 254.5%, 211.9%, 13.2%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) foliar application led to a significant increase in the above traits with increased rates of 2.5%, 21.2%, 40.6%, 7.4%, 8.2%, and 89.2%, respectively, compared with the control. The interaction between both factors showed significant superiority compared with no weeding and separate application of weed control combined with chemical herbicides and nano-zinc application. The interaction between the post-em weed management (Oxyfluorfen) and nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) application showed highly superior compared with other treatments in the studied traits.
Keywords:Arachis hypogaea L., nano-zinc foliar, manual and chemical weed control, herbicides, trifluralin, pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, clethodim, protein and zinc content, growth and yield traits
Key findings: Peanut traits gained a significant and sustainable improvement in growth, yield, and quality from the post-em (Oxyfluorfen) weed management and nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) foliar application.
The progressive study on oat (Avena sativa L.) transpired during the crop season of 2021–2022 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. The study aimed to determine the effects of amino acids foliar application on two oat cultivars. Experimenting with a randomized complete block design included a split-plot arrangement. Two oat cultivars (Shafa and Genzania) grown and placed in secondary plates received seven treatments of three different amino acids (Control – No amino acid, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Tryptophan, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Glycine, and 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Lysine). The results revealed that oat cultivars and amino acid treatments differed significantly for most of the studied traits. The amino acid foliar application treatment of LTryptophan at the rate of 50 mg L-1 showed significant superiority, which boosted and provided the highest rate of flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, and green fodder yield. However, the cultivar Shafa exhibited superiority for flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, and the green and dry fodder yield, with increased values of 7.15 cm2, 8.11 µg cm-3, and 8.01% and 5.61% t ha-1, respectively.
Key findings: The oat cultivars and amino acid treatments differed significantly for most growth traits. Oat cultivar ‘Shafa’ and foliar application of amino acid L-Tryptophan (50 mg L-1) showed significant superiority for growth traits.