FITMAWATI, DESTI, E. JULIANTARI, D. NOVELA, and H. KAPLI
SUMMARY
Nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium [Jack] Ridl.) has a stronger wood quality and is resistant to tidal deformations. For centuries, the local people are traditionally using nibung for different purposes. However, its utilization is higher than its cultivation, causing a decrease in supply every year. Taxonomic data based on molecular markers are urgently needed in the nibung germplasm. We need to study their molecular characters to provide basic data for genetic diversity and conservation study purposes. The present study aims to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of seven accessions of nibung in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, based on molecular characters and to clarify the relationship among closely related infra-specific categories. The seven accessions of nibung were grouped by types of habitats i.e., lowland and highland areas. Accessions collected from the highland areas (Bukit Suligi) were very different from those collected from the lowland areas based on their genetic and evolutionary data. Based on Neighbor-Joining (NJ) analysis, it is estimated that the accession O. tigillarium from Bukit Suligi was more advanced than another accession. The present study has been able to compare more primitive and advanced accessions based on genetic distance. The studies also confirmed that the more advanced species are highly capable to survive in their in situ environment. Such type of genetic variability is very important for breeding and conservation studies and can be used in future generations of palm.
The study aimed to assess the effect of a natural mineral fertilizer – zeolite on the micromorphological and biochemical characteristics of the spring rapeseed Brassica napus L. cv. “Rif”). Experiments were held at the Federal Research Center for Breeding, Agro-technics and Nursery Horticulture, Moscow, and Agro-industrial Institute, Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russia from 2018 to 2020. The study scheme comprises four treatments as follows: a. control (no fertilizer), b. NPK @ 60-60-60 kg ha-1, c. Zeolite 5 t ha-1, and d. NPK @ 60-60-60 kg ha-1 + Zeolite 5 t ha-1. Results revealed that the maximum number of stomata was observed in the rapeseed crop treated with natural and mineral fertilizer – zeolite. On average, there were 537 pcs/mm2 on the adaxial surface, and 480 pcs/mm2 on the abaxial leaf surfaces. The mineral fertilizer application only, and in combination with a natural ameliorant, contributed an increase in photosynthetic pigments, which was about 22% more relative to the control. To determine the content of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Ni) according to the phases of spring rapeseed development, the trace elements were decreased by the harvesting phase. The only exception was Co, where content was increased by the time of rapeseed ripening. The accumulation of the studied trace elements in spring rapeseed plants at maturity can be represented by the following decreasing series, Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Co. The correlation coefficients also revealed that there was a strong relationship among all the studied elements. A high correlation (r = 0.95) was found between the seed yield and the magnitude of the photosynthetic pigments.
A.M. ABEKOVA, R.S. YERZHEBAYEVA, S.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, K. KONUSBEKOV, T.A BAZYLOVA., D.I. BABISSEKOVA, and A.A. AMANGELDIYEVA
SUMMARY
Sugar beet is a highly valuable and profitable crop in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is the only source of raw materials for the production of crystalline sugar and incidentals (tops, bagasse, and molasses). This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 53 sugar beet samples, 19 parental lines, and 34 hybrids from Kazakhstan by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, agromorphological traits, root mass weight, and sugar content at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almalybak, Republic of Kazakhstan. The experimental conditions were optimized for the 14 RAPD primers used in this study. The polymorphism index contents varied from 0.24 to 0.46, and all 14 primers were classified as moderately informative. The cluster analysis of RAPD data divided the sugar beet samples into seven groups. The greatest distance (D = 1.4) was noted among the male sterile lines ‘MS-1611’, ‘MS-1631’, ‘MS-97’, and ‘MS-2113’ and the pollinator lines ‘VP-44’ and ‘VP-23’. The samples were divided into six groups on the basis of root mass weight and sugar content via cluster analysis. The hybrids ‘RMS-90’, ‘RMS-134’, ‘RMS-133’, ‘RMS-136’, and ‘Ramnes’ were grouped in a cluster that showed the highest values of root mass weight, which ranged from 610 g to 680 g. However, the samples with high sugar content (18.2–18.5), i.e., ‘Shecker’, ‘2198’, ‘H-22’, and ‘1005’, were grouped into a cluster with a distance of D = 0.8. Lines located at a large genetic distance from each other were recommended for hybridization when creating highly productive hybrids. These findings can be applied in the development of new productive and stable sugar beet hybrids in Kazakhstan.
M. SAJID, M.A.B. SADDIQUE, M.H.N. TAHIR, A. MATLOOB, Z. ALI, F. AHMAD, Q. SHAKIL, Z.U. NISA, and M. KIFAYAT
SUMMARY
The ideal temperature range for the optimal growth and development of cotton is 25 °C–32 °C and high temperature adversely affects the metabolic activities of plant cells. This study was aimed to screen heat-tolerant cotton genotypes based on physiological and molecular parameters. Experiments were carried out during 2019–2020 at the MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. The research comprised two parts. In the first experiment, 30 cotton genotypes were sown in a completely randomized design with three replications under laboratory conditions for the determination of cell membrane thermostability. Principal component analysis was performed, and four genotypes, i.e., two heat-tolerant (‘CRIS-5A’ and ‘VH-338’) and two heat-sensitive (‘FH-242’ and ‘VH-281’) genotypes, were selected. In the second experiment, the screened cotton genotypes were sown in pots in a factorial complete randomized design with three replications and two treatments (normal and heat treatment). Heat stress was applied at the seedling stage, and eight leaf samples (one from each experimental unit) were collected. Two genes were used for molecular analysis and were amplified in all eight cDNA samples. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of HSP70 and HSP26 genes in the cotton genotypes, and the expression of these genes was measured by using ImageJ software. The gene expression level of HSP70 was very high (16.41%) in ‘VH-281’, which is a heat-sensitive genotype under heat stress. The sensitive genotype ‘FH-242’ exhibited the highest gene expression level of HSP26 (20.32%) under normal conditions. A similar sequence of HSP70 gene of Agave sisalana was amplified for the first time in cotton. It is a good indicator for screening heat tolerant cotton genotypes at the molecular level.
MAFTUCHAH, H. WIDYANINGRUM1, A. ZAINUDIN1, SULISTYAWATI, H.A. RESWARI, and H. SULISTIYANTO
SUMMARY
For the sustainable improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), local genotypes were conventionally crossed in East Java, Indonesia to determine a) the crossing success of different genotypes, b) germination percentage and seed setting traits, and c) the combining ability and heterotic effect of sorghum parental genotypes and their F1 diallel hybrids. Three sorghum genotypes (‘Lamongan-1’, ‘Tulungagung-2’, and ‘Jombang’) from the local germplasm were collected from various regions in East Java, Indonesia, and were crossed in a complete diallel design. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2018–2019 at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah, Malang, Indonesia. Results showed that the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids exhibited significant differences in seed weight and seed diameter and nonsignificant differences in germination percentage and seed setting. The parental genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ and its hybrids ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’, ‘Tulungagung-2’ × ‘Lamongan-1’, and ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’ presented the highest germination percentages, seed setting, seed weights, and seed diameters. The genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ had the highest general combining ability and was identified as a good general paternal and maternal parent for the production of promising F1 hybrids. The hybrid ‘Jombang’ × ‘Lamongan-1’ had the highest specific combining ability for all of the characters and was recognized as a promising F1 hybrid for improving sorghum yield. Cluster analysis divided all of the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids into two large groups with a similarity of 13.13%.
Wheat is the third most important staple crop in the world, hence, its sustainable production remained the primary focus due to increasing global consumption. This study aims to determine the genetic potential of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) F2 populations for yield traits. Six wheat genotypes were used for diallel reciprocal crossing and a total of 12 hybrids in comparison to parental genotypes were studied from 2015 to 2018 at the Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. In parental genotypes, the average spikelets per spike were similar, however, the highest index per spike was recorded in cultivars Bardosh (56.8±1.02), Unumli Bugdoy (57.9±1.05), and Sayhun(56.3±0.79). The F2 populations were recorded with the highest number of spikelets per spike and shifted to the right side by 2-3 classes compared to the parental genotypes. The appearance of right-sided regression and identified genotypes with higher 1000-grain weight was observed in the populations of cultivar Bardosh. Populations with higher indices (3.5 to 4.4) than parental genotypes were observed in the cross Bardosh × Unumli Bugdoy (21.7%). The range of variability for 1000-grain weight in the cultivars Kroshka and Bardosh belonged to 2nd class, and cultivars Kayraktash, Unumli Bugdoy, Saykhun, and K-5076 belonged to 3rd class. Populations with 1000-grain weight ranged from 44.0 g to 47.9 g, with a percentage estimate of 63.3% for cultivar Kroshka, and 76.7% for Kayroktosh. In the second generation, the variability range was distributed into eight classes. Larger grains were observed in the hybrids of cultivar Kayroktash. Hybridological analysis of the inheritance of quantitative traits exhibited that the grains per spike were mainly inherited according to the type of dominance of the best parent with a high trait index. The grain number and grain weight per spike were inherited by overdominance type of gene action in the characterized F1 populations.
G.S. MANGI, Z.A. SOOMRO, G.M. BALOCH, Q.D. CHACHAR, and S.N. MARI
SUMMARY
Seven lines (‘VH-292’, ‘VH-259’, ‘Bt-802’, ‘Sadori’, ‘Shahbaz’, ‘CRIS-342’, and ‘Bt.ZZ.NL-370’), and three testers (‘VH-291’, ‘FH-113’, and ‘IR-3701’) of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were crossed through line-by-tester mating to produce 21 F1 hybrids. The lines, testers, and their F1 and F2populations were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan, in consecutive cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes (including parental lines, testers, and their 21 F1 and F2 populations) and parent vs. hybrids differed significantly for all the studied traits, except for plant height in the F2 population and sympodial branches plant−1 in the F1 and F2 populations. Lines ‘VH-292’ and ‘VH-259’ and testers ‘VH-291’ and ‘FH-113’ exhibited higher plant height, sympodial branches, bolls plant−1 and boll weight than other genotypes and were identified as suitable parental genotypes for hybridization. The F1 and F2 populations of ‘VH-292’ × ‘VH-291’ and ‘VH-292’ × ‘FH-113’ produced more sympodial branches, bolls plant−1, and seed cotton yield plant−1 than other crosses. The F1 hybrid of ‘Bt-802’ × ‘VH-291’ and the F2 population of the ‘Sadori’ × ‘VH-291’ cross produced higher boll weight than other genotypes. Overall, the mean performance of the F1 hybrids for all the traits was better than that of their parents and the F2 populations likely due to heterotic effects in the F1 populations and inbreeding depression in the F2 populations. The significant mean squares for parental genotypes, crosses, and parents vs. crosses indicated that the data obtained in this work are valuable for determining parental performance, hybrid evaluation, heterotic effects, and inbreeding depression. Significant mean squares due to parents vs. crosses revealed the good scope of heterotic effects in the F1 populations for all the traits.
Citation: Khan SH, Aslam M, Bibi A, Khan HZ (2023). GGE biplot analysis for zinc quality and yield stability of exotic maize hybrids. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 268-278. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.25.
Summary
Zinc deficiency is one of the major causes of malnutrition in the communities due to the consumption of zinc-deficient staple food. With accessibility and affordability, biofortification is an agricultural intervention beneficial for all the stakeholders involved as any actor. A total of 16 exotic zinc biofortified maize hybrids developed at different maize research stations of CIMMYT got introduced and evaluated across three separate locations in major maize growing areas of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), i.e., Faisalabad, Sahiwal, and Nowshera. The decision to introduce exotic zinc-enriched maize germplasm in Pakistan, in collaboration with CIMMYT, Mexico, came from the findings of a related research work—evaluation of diverse indigenous maize germplasm; however, none of the entry qualified for suggested biofortification standard, i.e., 33 mg/kg zinc. Introducing exotic material depends upon its yield stability in the new environment. Therefore, stability analysis is mandatory. Using genotype and genotype into environment (GGE) biplot analysis found the GEI (genotype × environment interaction). Exotic hybrids G16, G4, and G1 performed superior and stable in test environments for studied traits, especially for average grain yield per plant and grain zinc content. These three hybrids gained strong\ recommendations for introduction in Pakistan.
Key findings: All tested environments differently influenced NGPR, ASI, and GY forming three mega-environments. Exotic zinc biofortified hybrids G16, G4, and G1 were stable and best performing for studied traits, especially average grain yield per plant and grain zinc content across locations. Abbreviations: PH: plant height (cm), EH: ear height (cm), DT: days to tasseling, DS: days to silking, ASI: anthesis silking interval, EL: Ear length (cm), NRPC: number of rows per cob, NGPR: number of grains per rows, GY: average grain yield per plant (g), TGW: thousand grain weight (g), Zn: grain zinc content (mg/kg), and FW: Field weight (g). PC= Principal Component, ZmZIP = Zea mays Zinc regulated transporter, iron regulated transporter-like protein, ZmNAS5 = Zea mays Nicotianamine Synthase, and CIMMYT: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
S.H.A. AL-HADEDY, S.A. BASHEER, M.S. IDREES, and K.A.Y. Al-TAEE
Citation: Al-Hadedy SHA, Basheer SA, Idrees MS, Al-Taee KAY (2024). Sulfuric acid and hot water treatment effects on the seed germination and growth traits of Sesbania punicea L.. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(1): 444-452 http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.40.
Summary
Like many species within the Fabaceae family, Sesbania punicea L. seeds experience seed coat dormancy, affecting their germination from a hard shell coating the seed, preventing water absorption and gaseous exchange into the seeds. The presented research sought to overcome the outer dormancy phase in Sesbania punicea seeds by treating them with two concentrations of sulfuric acid (50% and 98% H2SO4) for periods of 0, 10, and 15 minutes and soaking in hot water (without, with) for 24 hours. The results revealed that seed pretreatment of immersion in sulfuric acid at a 98% concentration was significantly superior to the 50% and showed the highest mean values for the studied parameters, germination percentage, seedling height, stem diameter, leaves per seedling, and shoots dry weight at 78.33%, 61.61 cm, 5.79 mm, 31.27 leaves/seedling, and 7.32 g, respectively. In the same line, the immersion in sulfuric acid for 15 minutes was superior compared with 10 minutes, providing the highest values for the same traits at 87.04%, 64.08 cm, 6.16 mm, 32.08 leaves/seedling, and 8.12 g, respectively. The hot water treatment was notably dominant to the one without soaking and exhibited the maximum values for the above traits (78.55%, 59.83 cm, 5.94 mm, 31.05 leaves/seedlings, and 7.32 g, respectively). The interaction effects of three factors (immersion in 98% sulfuric acid for 15 minutes and soaking in hot water) excelled other treatments for the traits, i.e., germination rate (99.30%), seedling height (71.00 cm), main stem diameter (7.28 mm), leaves/seedling (36.66), and shoot’s dry weight (11.42 g). The most remarkable achievement was that chemical scarification using sulfuric acid and hot water, either individually or in combination, proved effective in breaking the seed dormancy of Sesbania punicea.
For better germination and early growth of Sesbania punicea L. seedlings, the combination of seed immersion in 98% sulfuric acid for 15 minutes and soaking in hot water for 24 hours proved recommendable since it leads to an increase in the germination percentage from 36.9% to 99.3%, enhancing the growth parameters.
Citation: Mahdi MAHS, Al-Shamerry MMG, Taha AH, Alwan MH, Al-Khaykanee AH, Khashan AAA (2024). Micronutrients and planting time effects on maize growth, fertility, and yield-related traits under heat stress conditions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(1): 433-443. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.39.
Summary
The recent study pursued determining the ideal quantity of micronutrients and planting time to enhance maize (Zea mays L.) pollen fertility and production under heat-stress conditions. The study set up a maize experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replications, carried out in the crop season 2020 at the Babylon Muradia Research Center, Iraq. The trials comprised two factors: first, planting times placed in main plots, i.e., June 25 (A1), July 10 (A2), and July 25 (A3), and the second included foliar applications of a composition of six microelements (iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, and molybdenum) with four concentrations, i.e., 0 (C0), 20 (C1), 30 (C2), and 40 (C3) g L-1. The results indicated that maize planting at later dates, specifically between July 10 and 25, resulted in the maximum levels of moisture, pollen vitality, and fertility percentage, which led to an increase in yield components and grain output. The findings also demonstrated that foliar application of micronutrients effectively creates a conducive environment for developing pollen grains. The micronutrient concentration of 40 g L-1 gave the optimal moisture and vitality of the pollen grains, leading to the highest quantity of grains per row and, ultimately, maximizing the maize yield. The July 10 planting date proved the ideal time for seeding maize because it contributed to reducing temperatures’ effects and increasing productivity. In addition, foliar application of micronutrients (40 g L-1) creates an optimal environment for pollen grains, improving grain composition and yield. With the pollen grain’s better vitality, the favorable situation improves pollination and fertilization, eventually increasing the maize yield.
Maize (Zea mays L.) planting time between July 10 and 25, along with foliar application of micronutrients (40 g L-1), optimized and promoted pollen grains’ moisture, growth, vitality, and fertility percentage, which eventually boosted the yield traits’ components and grain yield.