The article outlines the physiological and biochemical parameters of 10 exotic accessions of two local cultivars of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). By analyzing the plant leaf spectrophotometrically at the bud formation phase, exotic sample Bio-520 x 1330 showed chlorophyll а of 21.47 mg/ml, Bio (520 x Bio) x 273 with chlorophyll b of 12.79 mg/ml, and Ratan x IG 135481 had carotenoids at 5.57 mg/ml. Based on total pigments, Ratan x 1307 gave the highest value (30.24 mg/ml), while in the flowering phase, Ratan x IG 135481 showed chlorophyll а of 21.37 mg/ml, Ratan x 2125 with chlorophyll b of 16.51 mg/ml, and Prateek x IG 140034 with carotenoid of 6.02 mg/ml. For Ratan x 2125, the total pigments were 37.14 mg/ml, with the highest values for all traits. In the ripening phase, Bio 520 x 1330 with chlorophyll а (11.92 mg/ml), Ratan x 2125 with chlorophyll b (16.63 mg/ml), 1330 x 2125 with carotenoid (4.04 mg/ml), and Ratan x 2125 with total pigments (25.62 mg/ml). Higher protein content resulted in seeds of Prateek x IG 140035 (26.3%), Bio (520 x Bio) x 273 (26.1%), and Ratan x 1307 (26.0). Besides, 1330 x 2125 has biochemical elements (Li, B, Na, Cu, and As), Ratan x 2125 (Mg, K, Ca, Ti, Sr, and Ba), Ratan x IG 135481 (Rb, Mo, and Cd), and Prateek x IG 140034 with chemical elements (Al, Fe, and Ag). The control Lalmikor provided B, Mn, Rb, and Ag higher than other exotic samples.

Keywords: Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), growth phases, leaf stomata, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total water content, water retention, transpiration intensity, total protein

Key findings: Grass pea (L. sativus L.) exotic and local genotypes revealed varied values of physiological traits, viz., chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments, and concentration of total pigments analyzed spectrophotometrically. The grass pea genotypes showed nonsignificant differences in nitrogen and total protein content.

The morphological analysis of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is crucial in developing germplasm resources. The study used 19 local common buckwheat landraces to characterize their morphophysiological and yield-related traits for germplasm development. The analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant variations in most morphophysiological and agronomic features, except for plant height and chlorophyll content (SPAD Value). Landraces L₇ and L₁₄ stood out for their superior morphological and yield-related traits, while L₂ had the highest grain yield per raceme. Employing principal component analysis helped identify key morphological and yield-related traits. The first six principal components accounted for 99% of the total variance, with the first component having the highest Eigenvalues. Cluster analysis assessed the similarities among landraces based on their morphophysiological and agronomic traits. Notably, the distribution of landraces from similar locations often appeared across different clusters, indicating diverse genetic variability. These findings are crucial for selecting suitable landraces for germplasm development in common buckwheat. Additionally, the insights gained into morphophysiological and yield-related variations can help enhance buckwheat breeding programs in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Buckwheat, diversity, germplasm, morphological markers, PCA

Key findings: Landraces L₁₄ and L₇ contributed the highest variation among the buckwheat’s (Fagopyrum esculentum) 14 morphophysiological and yield-contributing traits. The principal component analysis showed that the first six principal components comprised 99% of the total variation. Dendrogram data demonstrated that the various landraces reached different cluster groupings based on morphophysiological and yield variations.

Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.) is a rare, precious, and endemic herb in Vietnam in terms of medicinal treasures. This herb’s in vitro propagation has significant implications for both conservation and production. The promising research investigated how culture conditions can influence the growth of Ngoc Linh ginseng in vitro. Ngoc Linh ginseng plantlets have served as materials for research and culture. The effects of light intensities, day-night temperatures, and culture medium on the in vitro growth of plants received evaluation. The study found that the light intensity at 20 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, the day-night temperature of 23 °C–15 °C and the SH medium were optimal for the growth of Ngoc Linh ginseng in vitro. These results are essential for enhancing future in vitro Ngoc Linh ginseng growth.

Keywords: Ngoc Linh ginseng, light intensity, temperature, medium, in vitro propagation

Key findings: The latest study sheds light on certain primary culture conditions discovery directly affecting the growth of in vitro Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.) in Vietnam. The research successfully determined the optimal light intensities at 20 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, day-night temperatures of 23 °C–15 °C, and culture SH medium to grow in vitro Ngoc Linh ginseng. Furthermore, these findings could potentially improve the in vitro Ngoc Linh ginseng growth for production, preservation, and other extensive research in the future.

The latest study aimed to evaluate the genotypes’ genetic potential and estimate the genetic parameters for yield-related traits in two faba beans (Vicia faba L.) cultivars with the influence of nano-silicon different concentrations. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement of two factors and three replications. Faba bean cultivars (Turkish and Italian) were content in the main plots, while the subplots comprised nano silicon different levels (0, 1, and 2 ml L^-1). The analysis of variance exhibited significant differences between the cultivars for all studied traits. The superiority of the Turkish cultivar was remarkable for the pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed yield, and biological yield. The results showed that the phenotypic and genotypic variations were high for all traits at the nano silicon level of 2 ml L^-1). However, they decreased at the control treatment. Heritability (broad sense) was extremely high for all traits and nano-silicon concentrations, indicating that the variation among the cultivars was mainly genotypic. The genetic gain displayed the highest for the 100-seed weight while low for the rest of the yield-related traits in faba beans.

Keywords: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), cultivars, nano-silicon concentrations, genotypic and phenotypic variations, heritability, genetic gain

Key findings: The study showed the superiority of the Turkish cultivar in yield characteristics and its components and was more responsive to foliar application of the nano-silicon. It indicates that the phenotypic variation between the cultivars was predominantly genetic.

Veronica is a prominent genus belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. Six species samples came from different mountainous areas of AL-Sulaimaniyah, Northern Iraq, comprising V. anagalloides, V. anagallis-aquatica, V. beccabunga, V. minuta, Veronica persica, and V. polita. DNA genomic manually extracted from plant leaves, and the specific PCR fragments partially covering the internal transcribed spacer-1, internal transcribed spacer-2, and 5.8S rRNA, and internal transcribed spacer-2 sequences were options for the latest study that proceeded with primers ITS5 (5′ GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) to amplify the samples of six different Veronica species. The electrophoresis migration for PCR analysis showed that the length of the amplified segment was about 600 bp for all the studied samples. An assumption from the generated tree was that the detected nucleic acid variants showed a noticeable effect on changing the evolutionary positioning of the investigated samples compared with the wild-type sequences. All the investigated rRNA sequences deposited in the NCBI web server acquired unique accession numbers for the analyzed S1 to S3 sequences. The deposited sequences received the GenBank accession numbers, i.e., OP363796.1, OP363795.1, OP363794.1, OP363793.1, OP363792.1, and OP363791.1, representing the six investigated isolates of the Veronica species, respectively.

Keywords: Veronica species, Plantaginaceae, ITS primers, DNA sequences, genetic variations

Key findings: The variation of the rRNA sequences can also help in Veronica characterization due to its possible ability to adapt to variable genetic diversity. The sequencing reactions indicated the precise identity after performing NCBI BLASTn for these PCR amplicons. Concerning the investigated ribosomal amplicons, the NCBI BLASTn engine showed 99% to 100% sequence similarities between the sequenced samples and the intended reference target sequences.

Seeking to promote the earliness traits in apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.), this study evaluated 246 half-sib descendants of their mature trees for pheno-morphology, pomological, and sensory attributes. From a productivity criterion, the gene pool performance ranked in 12 resistance and susceptibility classes to spring frost. The two selected groups comprised five and 23 descendants, assigned by high and moderate tolerance in 2019. In the following season, assessing 246 progenies for bloom intensity led to the selection of 80 outstanding hybrids. The earliness traits showed a high promotion of the appearance of new classes of earliness. The ripening time distribution of the bearing progenies consisted of six categories, namely, four extra-early (June 5 to 17), 18 far-early (June 22 to 30), 22 very early (July 2 to 9), 21 very early-early (July 11), nine early plus to control (July 19), and six progenies (July 25). Subsequent pomological and sensory analyses led to the choice of 18 progenies for high fruit set, well-formed fruits, different colors, and superior organoleptic qualities. The results authenticated the efficiency of breeding methods, supported by heritability and morphological markers to predict the earliness traits.

Keywords: Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), breeding, heritability, earliness traits, spring cold tolerance, morphological markers, phenological stages, fruit setting

Key findings: Promoting earliness traits were associated with large fruit size, red color, and apple acceptability. Five promising apple progenies with spring cold tolerance, late bloom-early, and dual-purpose continued for release.

Pogostemon cablin, an oil-producing plant, proceeded vegetative propagation due to limited natural pollination, leading to lower genetic variations. The presented study investigated the morphological diversity and productivity, specifically the ninth mutant vegetative (MV9) generation resulting from polyploid mutation induced by colchicine in the P. cablin var. Sidikalang. The study transpired between August 2022 and April 2023 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, the Cikabayan Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. The experiment had a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arrangement with eight genotypes, including control as the single factor and three replications. Various characteristic measurements included essential oil yield growth and potential. The findings revealed that aneuploid mutants exhibited more leaves, primary, and secondary branches than the control plants and polyploid mutants (P < 0.05). Polyploid mutants (tetraploid and mixoploid) displayed longer and broader leaves, larger leaf surfaces, thicker leaves, and greater stem diameter (P < 0.05). Accumulation of leaves, primary, and secondary branches caused an increase in the patchouli plant’s fresh weight. Patchouli oil production per hectare indicated a correlation to leaf number (r = 0.48), primary branches (r = 0.41), secondary branches (r = 0.48), and essential oil yield (r = 0.87). The study also revealed the considerable genetic diversity among the patchouli mutants, paving the way to develop promising new plant lines, specifically to obtain superior patchouli with the highest biomass and oil.

Keywords: aneuploidy, colchicine, growth and essential oil traits, patchouli, polyploidy

Key findings: The patchouli (P. cablin) polyploid plants produced longer, broader, and larger leaves with bigger stem diameters. However, the aneuploid plants produced smaller but numerous leaves. Mutant lines emerged to have potential with higher biomass and patchouli oil.

Red rice (Oryza glaberrima L.) is a main food ingredient with some special characteristics and health benefits; therefore, enhancing its grain yield is necessary. However, the limited fertile land causes cultivation in the sub-optimal land, such as saline soil. Saline stress can cause damage to plant cells; hence, it is vital to apply exogenous antioxidants that can act as osmoprotectants. The presented study sought to determine the physiological characteristics of red rice under salinity stress conditions with ascorbic acid applications. The study commenced in a factorial separate plot design (SPD) with three features. The salinity levels (3-4 and >4-5 mho/cm) comprised the main plots, red rice cultivars (Inpari 24, Inpari 7, Pamelen, and MSP17) in the subplots, with the ascorbic acid concentrations (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) kept in the sub-sub-plots. The results showed that the studied red rice cultivars differed in responses to ascorbic acid concentrations under saline soil conditions. Cultivar MSP17 was the most tolerant genotype to salinity stress compared with the three other red rice cultivars based on physiological attributes. Applying ascorbic acid improved red rice genotypes’ physiological characteristics (especially chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake) under saline stress conditions.

Keywords: Red rice (O. glaberrima L.), cultivars, salinity, ascorbic acid, physiological characteristics, grain yield

Key findings: Ascorbic acid is vital in improving the physiological characteristics of red rice (O. glaberrima L.) genotypes under salinity stress conditions.

Amaranth is an indispensable C₄ agricultural crop with considerably reduced productivity under hypothermia loading. During seed ripening, chilling stress (1 °C–2 °C) can harm the photosynthetic organs in the plants and reduce the efficiency of low-molecular-weight defense systems. The studies on the content of low-molecular-weight antioxidants commenced in the leaves of the Amaranth cultivar Valentina cultivated in an open field in the post-stress period (after a chilling stress). After chilling at 2 °C in the post-stress period, older leaves of the main shoot displayed partial damage, while young leaves of the lateral shoots visually maintained a native appearance. The ascorbic acid (AA) content showed significant variations in the leaves. The content of possessing antioxidant properties revealed red-colored amaranthine decreased during this period, i.e., 1.5–1.9 times in young leaves, 3.5 times in leaves damaged by cold (DC), and non-damaged by cold (NDC) leaves showed a 1.1-times decrease. The decline in photosynthetic pigment content varied from 14% for carotenoids (Cars) to 60% for chlorophylls a (Chl a) and b (Chl b) in NDC leaves. The water and ethanol-soluble antioxidant contents improved with repeated cold stress (2 °C) in young leaves. The same pattern was also evident for the ascorbic acid and amaranthine content enhancement (20%–25% and 30%, respectively). The formation of hypothermia-induced tolerance in the leaves of different ages in autumn, which are the prime producers of low-molecular-weight antioxidants, signified a close relationship to the functioning of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidants.

Keywords: Amaranthus tricolor L., red-colored Valentina cultivar, cold stress, low-molecular-weight antioxidants, amaranthine, ascorbic acid

Key findings: New data have been notable from the amaranthine pigment contributing to increasing the resistance of amaranth plants to chilling stress. Variations in the low-molecular-weight antioxidants’ content and functional activity, which have become traditionally resistance actors, were also evident.

Phalaenopsis is one of the most popular orchid genera, exhibiting a variety of flower morphologies. Ploidy level was a factor influencing the success of Phalaenopsis crossbreeding. This research aimed to determine the ploidy level by flow cytometry and correlation with morphological characteristics on six hybrid cultivars of Phalaenopsis (1702, 1819, 1981, 3903, 3904, and 3908). Flow cytometry analysis on young leaves and root tip cells was also carried out on P. amabilis, P. amboinensis, and P. schilleriana. Research results showed multiple peaks of fluorescence appeared on the flow cytometry histogram. The young leaves and root tip cells show the distribution of cells into different ploidy levels and indicate mixoploid and endopolyploid conditions of the cells in both leaves and root samples. This complexity makes it challenging to determine the ploidy level of each cultivar and the correlation between morphological characteristics and ploidy level, even though the weak positive correlation was prominent between flower numbers and genome size. These findings serve as foundational data on the cytogenetic background of the cultivars for orchid breeders in crossbreeding, selection of haploid plants, mutation analysis, and variety consistency monitoring.

Keywords: Phalaenopsis, DNA contents, flow cytometry, genome size, mixoploid, ploidy level, morphological characterization

Key findings: Flow cytometry analysis revealed a mixoploid condition; however, the ploidy level of hybrid cultivars and species may be triploid or tetraploid. A weak positive correlation between flower number and genome size was apparent, but no definitive morphological indicators for ploidy levels emerged.