P.V. HIEU
SUMMARY
Polyploidization is commonly known to become a vital process to succeed in developing potential crops. In the plant kingdom, the polyploids, i.e., aneuploidy and polyploidy, are generally developed through sexual and asexual pathways, resulting in totally increasing biomass, phytochemical compounds, and adaptation to detrimental environment. For more precision, thousands of polyploidy plant species adapted to various climatic and topographic conditions through genomic evolution. Autopolyploid, allopolyploid, and aneuploidy, as well as, different levels of ploidy are simply found in vegetables, such as, potatoes, and among fruits, i.e., bananas, watermelon, and so on. Contrastingly, in mammals, polyploidization causes congenital diseases and pregnancy loss, especially in human beings. This review article will first describe polyploidization in plants and then enumerate the advantages of its beneficial effects that are more valuable. The paper also intends to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding. Thus, it has further mentioned the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy in a perspective contribution of minor crops in plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of crop strategies.
Keywords: polyploidization, minor crops, evolution, agriculture, climate change
Key findings: This review sheds light on 1) discussing polyploidization in plants and then mentioning the benefits of its effects that are more valuable; 2) it further proves the perspectives of the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects that are also informative to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding, and 3) enumeration of minor crops from polyploidization of wild plant species.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.14
A.A.M. AL-ALWANI and M.A. MOHAMMED
SUMMARY
The latest research aimed to study the effects of plant growth regulators on inducing callus from the chia plant (Salvia hispanica) and stimulating it to produce some medicinal compounds in vitro. The study transpired at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq. The use of Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium containing 2,4-D Auxin (dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) had concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L-1 and cytokinin benzyl adenine (BA) with concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1. The use of their interactions continued to induce a perpetuation of callus. In another experiment, the salicylic acid at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1 stimulated the callus to produce medicinal compounds. The results showed that for induction of callus and its sustainability in the leaves of the chia plant, the best concentration revealed 2,4-D at a rate of 3 mg L-1, which achieved the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage with values of 0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%, respectively. The results also showed that the addition of salicylic acid at the concentration of 10 mg L-1 to the nutrient media stimulated the formation of the active compounds.
Keywords: Chia plant (Salvia hispanica L.), dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzyl adenine, salicylic acid, callus induction, secondary metabolites
Key findings: The MS media with 2,4-D (3.0 mg L-1) revealed the best performance by showing the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage (0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%) for induced callus compared with other treatments. The results also showed that salicylic acid at 10 mg L1 produced the maximum oleic acid compound content in the induced callus cultures created from the leaves.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.13
C.R. AZZAM, F.M. SULTAN, M.R.I. SAYED, and K.A.M. KHALED
SUMMARY
Guar is an economically significant forage crop and a multi-purpose plant. In Egypt, with a limited gene pool of guar, gamma ray (γ-rays) and microwave pre-treatment, individually or in association, were used to generate genetic variability and develop new high-yielding genotypes. Guar seeds of the variety Shandaweel-9 were irradiated with different γ-ray doses (i.e., 0, 150, 250, and 350 Gray “Gy”), either individually or along with the irradiation with 900 W microwave treatments applied for different exposure times (1, 2, 3, and 4 min), then grown at Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt in 2019, and 2020 summer seasons. The results indicated that gamma-ray doses of 150 and 250 Gy, stand-alone or with microwave treatments, significantly influenced guar plant height and crude protein in M1 and M2. Fragments with 925, 1427, and 2145 bp linked to plant height and crude protein were eluted from the gel, sequenced, and then registered on GenBank. The fragment linked to plant height received accession No. LC681484.1 and fragments linked to crude protein received accession No. of OK617330.1 and OK617331.1. The sequenced fragments underwent translation to protein, then proceeded to proteome analyses. Depending on the sequence analysis, the 925 bp fragment consisted of a 302 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoded with 302 amino acids. However, the fragment of 1427 bp has 433 ORF, and the fragment of 2145 bp has 705 ORF. The LC681484.1 might have a role in plant elongation. On the other hand, OK617330.1 and OK617331.1 might be responsible for cell wall protein organization.
Keywords: γ-rays irradiation, microwave heating, plant height, quality analysis, SCoT, plant height- and crude protein-linked genes
Key findings: Proteome analysis revealed three predicted proteins: the first is responsible for plant elongation (plant height), and the others are responsible for cell wall protein characterization (crude protein contents). Registration was done for a gene linked to plant height in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Accession No. LC681484.1), as well as, genes linked to crude protein (OK617330.1 and OK617331.1) on GenBank`s database.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.12
A. FAZAL, F.A. KHAN, H. RAZZAQ, and B. SADIA
SUMMARY
Ten drought-tolerant and six sensitive lines with their resultant crosses emerged from crossing in the Line × Tester mating design, then evaluated at the maturity stage in the field. Data recorded for morphological and physiological parameters took place, as well as, for drought tolerance and yieldrelated traits. Recorded data followed analysis to access the variability in germplasm and general and specific combining ability effects. Combining ability analysis exhibited variable direction and magnitude of specific combining ability effects among crosses and general combining effects among line and testers. Results showed the breeding material had genetic variability that can serve in developing drought-tolerant and high-yielding genotypes of Sesamum indicum L. The testers 93004 and 96019 and Lines 90005 and 96006 revealed the best general combiners under normal and drought stress. Results of SCA indicated that 95001 × 97005, 97007 × 97001, 95010 × 93004, TH-6 × 96019, and 90005 × 96014 exhibited to have positive significant specific combining ability effects for most of the traits under control and drought stress conditions that can undergo further evaluation for growing under drought conditions. The fresh and dry weight of seedlings and 1000-seed weight traits proved useful as selection criteria in developing drought-tolerant types in sesame.
Keywords: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), genetic variability, line-by-tester combining ability, drought stress conditions, yield-related traits
Key findings: Testers 93004 and 96019 and lines 90005 and 96006 displayed the best general combiners for most traits under normal and drought stress conditions. The hybrids, viz., 95001 × 97005, 97007 × 97001, 95010 × 93004, TH-6 × 96019, and 90005 × 96014, showed significant positive SCA effects for the majority of the drought tolerant related traits.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.11
E.G. LESTARI, R. YUNITA, and M.F. ANSHORI
Mutation breeding is more effective than conventional breeding when the existing breeding material has a narrow genetic base and the scarcity of germplasm to specific desired characters. Assembling superior soybean cultivars through mutation breeding requires an effective selection method since the selection for productivity only proved less effective. Therefore, the selection base needs to be broad and use multi-characters. The latest study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the multi-characters approach in the selection and validation process of M4 soybean mutant lines. This study evaluated M4 and M5 mutant lines for various traits at the Citayam and Muara Experimental Garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The M4 and M5 mutant evaluations used an augmented design with 121 experimental units (172 lines and four check cultivars) and a randomized complete block design with 99 experimental units (29 lines and four check cultivars), respectively. Measured variables included the number of branches, filled pods, empty pods, and productive internodes, the weight of 100 seeds, and the seed weight per sampling plot. The result showed that the correlated multi-characters were effective for selection in the soybean mutant lines. The most effective secondary character resulted from the number of filled pods. Measuring the selection effectiveness continued up to the fifth generation (M5) to further validate the selected material. In total, nine mutant lines, i.e., A182-13, A179-1, A220-156, A196-57, A186-27, A190-38, A180-6, A195-50, and A188-32, attained selection with significant genetic potential for further study through the yield test.
Keywords: Soybean (Glycine max L.), genetic diversity, multivariate analysis, mutation breeding, secondary characters
Key findings: Assembling superior soybean cultivars through mutation breeding requires an effective method of selection. The multi-traits selection method showed efficiency in selecting the promising mutant lines. Obtaining the final 10 mutant lines proceeded based on the greater genetic potential, with further study of these lines through yield testing recommended.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.10
E. PRASETYA, LAZUARDI, A. HASAIRIN, Y. RACHMAWATI, M. JANNAH, and T. HARSONO
SUMMARY
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson, a member of the Annonaceae family, has become widespread from the Indo-Malayan region to northern Australia and Malaysia. This plant has economic value because it produces essential oils used in the perfume and food industries. No research existed yet related to DNA barcoding to see intraspecific variations in C. odorata. This study aimed to analyze the potential of chloroplast genes maturase K (matK)-trnK, ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), and trnL-F intergenic spacer as DNA barcodes on C. odorata from North Sumatra, Indonesia. The research sample obtained from five areas included Tanjung Balai, Langkat Regency (Tangkahan Conservation Forest), Medan, Tanjung Morawa (Deli Serdang Regency), and Sukarasa (Deli Serdang Regency). Phylogenetic analysis using the three markers showed that C. odorata was monophyletic grouped from a common ancestor. The results of the phylogenetic tree construction also showed that the three markers used were able to group each genus in the Annonaceae family and form separate branches from the outgroup (Magnolia, Sarcandra, and Litsea). The barcoding gap on the genetic distance could not be observed in this study, although phylogenetic results showed that the three markers were discriminatory enough to separate species. The results showed that the matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F markers could be effectively used as DNA barcodes to identify C. odorata.
Keywords: Cananga odorata, DNA barcoding, chloroplast genes, North Sumatra
Key findings: There are no barcoding gaps in the matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F markers, although phylogenetic results show that three barcode markers are quite discriminatory to separate the Annonaceae species. DNA barcode matK-trnK, rbcL, and trnL-F revealed as efficient tools to identify C. odorata.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.9
E. KURUCZ, A. ZS. ANDRÉ, M.G. FÁRI, M. SIPOS, and G. ANTAL
SUMMARY Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and UPOV phenotype markers were used to study the DNA polymorphism in gamma-ray induced morphological mutants of Celosia argentea var. plumosa Hungarian variety ‘Arrabona.‘ In the experiments, the study determined the radio sensitivity and the genetic diversity of gamma radiation of C. argentea var. plumosa ‘Arrabona.‘ Seeds of C. argentea var. plumosa ‘Arrabona‘ were irradiated with gamma rays to increase their genetic diversity. The irradiation doses consisted of 0, 75, 150, 300, 450, and 600 Grays (Gy). The germination percentage, survival rate, and phenotype of irradiated plantlets underwent evaluation in the first (M1) and second (M2) generations. The investigation of genetic diversity used the ISSR and RAPD primers. Based on the results, the first-generation genetic distance increased as the doses increased. But the trend changed considerably through the generation due to the low condition and fertility of the high doses of gamma-irradiated plants. These individuals did not show at the next mutant generation, changing the population gene pool. In addition, open pollination has also changed genetic diversity. The RAPD and ISSR primers proved proper to evaluate the genetic diversity, nonetheless fewer direct connection occurred between the appearance and the used RAPD or ISSR markers. The LD50 dose between 150 and 300 Gray treatments and the radiation between 300450 Gray induced the median growth reduction in the mutant ‘Arrabona‘ population. Based on these results, the study concluded that both UPOV-based phenotyping and molecular marker analysis revealed appropriate for determining genetic divergence, but detecting greater genetic distance resulted in molecular markers.
Keywords: Celosia argentea var. plumosa, gamma irradiation, genetic variability, RAPD and ISSR primers, UPOV
Key findings: This paper determined the optimal gamma-radiation dose range to generate new C. argentea var. plumosa varieties. Results defined the LD50 and GR50 values as the best adequate data for predicting the irradiation effectiveness for mutant variant induction. The UPOV phenotypic determination method and the RAPD and ISSR primers determined the genetic distance within the M1 and M2 generations.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.8
E.M. GINS, A.S. EGOROVA, A.B. SIVOLAPOVA, A.ZH. SEMENOV, KH.KH. APSHEV, A.A. MELESHIN, E.A. MOSKALEV, O.B. POLIVANOVA, G.L. BELOV, and S.V. GORYUNOVA
The wide occurrence of potato genotypes characterized by male sterility considerably complicates the realization of breeding programs. Therefore, male fertility in potato germplasm requires assessment as an important task. In the fresh study, 57 breeding lines from the Russian Potato Research Center and 85 cultivars of different origins underwent acetocarmine staining and in vitro germination assessment. With acetocarmine staining, 22 samples exhibited with tetrad sterility. In the remaining 120 samples, stained pollens vary from 0% to 88.7%, and germination varies from 0% to 19.4%. The pollen fertility assessment data obtained through acetocarmine staining and in vitro germination differed significantly. In the studied potato accessions, acetocarmine staining provided 18.3% sterile samples, while 50.7% by in vitro germination. The highest stained pollens (>80%) appeared in five potato accessions, i.e., 3004-7 (88.7%), 3000-32 (86.5%), 21.32-1 (81.8%), 17.32-1 (80.3%), and cultivar Garant (86.8%). In most potato accessions, the colored pollen grains ranged from 40% to 70%. The maximum percent of pollen germination occurred in the sample, 21.32-1 (19.4%). However, seven accessions (21.32-1, 18.5-17, 20.3-6, 20.33-8, and cultivars Edison, Queen Anne, and Garant) showed more than 10% pollen germination. During the growing season of 2022, the weather was hotter and drier compared with past long-term data, which could affect a decrease in the ability of pollens to germinate. The obtained results on male fertility will help in the study of the genetic control of pollen fertility and a further improvement in the breeding of Solanum tuberosum L.
Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), pollen fertility, male sterility, acetocarmine staining, in vitro germination, breeding techniques
Key findings: The results showed significant differences among the potato samples for pollen fertility. The 15.5% potato accessions characterized by the presence of tetrads were completely sterile. The pollen fertility assessment data obtained through acetocarmine staining and in vitro germination differed significantly. However, the acetocarmine staining can serve more useful for preliminary screening and validation of Solanum tuberosum accessions with tetrad sterility.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.7.
A.N. FADHILAH, M. FARID, I. RIDWAN, M.F. ANSHORI, and A. YASSI
SUMMARY
Despite the increasing consumption of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Indonesia, its yield capacity is lower than its demand. However, establishing high-yielding tomato varieties can overcome this. Strain in F2 populations is the first step in assembling high-yielding tomato genotypes through systematic selection, one through using a selection index. The latest study aimed to identify the genetic diversity and the effectiveness of the selection index for high-yielding F2 tomato population selection. The research took place from September to December 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Field, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study used an augmented design consisting of four blocks with complete randomization. Nine experimental units were used in this study, consisting of three F2 lines plotted into four blocks with no repetition and three cultivars that repeated in each block as genotype check. The study of 15 growth parameters used analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis. Results revealed that the selection index proved efficient in selecting the F2 generation of tomato strain populations. Almost all the characters have the highest genetic diversity and showed potential for selection criteria usage. The total number of fruits (0.52), fruit diameter (0.32), and fruit weight (0.29) showed a direct influence on yield, and can serve as selection criteria for yield. The selection criteria were formulated into a selection index, producing 75 tomato strains potentially suitable as families in the F3 generation.
Keywords: correlation, genetic parameters, path analysis, selection criteria, selection index tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)
Key findings: Lines selection in F2 generation is critical in cultivar development, including the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) crop. The study comprised the selection of promising tomato lines in F2 and consecutively in the F3 generation. The combination of several parameters to form a selection index on yield helped increase the effectiveness of selection. The selection index indicated 75 potential tomato lines for development in the F3 generation.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.6
M. BABAR, M. ISHAQ, F. AKBAR, G. SUBKHAN, Z. ALI, M. ALI, B. ALI, K. KHAN, S. ALI, OBAIDULLAH, J. ALI, M.A. Qureshi, and H. KHAN
The research carried out under irrigated conditions during 2017–2018 estimated stress selection indices for morphological studies in wheat. Twenty wheat genotypes along with two checks (Pakhtunkhwa-2015 and Pirsabak-13) planted at Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI), Pirsabak Nowshera, Pakistan, had two sowing dates, i.e., regular plantation made on 24 November and late plantation on 25 December 2017, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nine stress tolerance indices, viz., tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress intensity (SI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), and yield stability index (YSI) served as the basis for computation on each trait and every genotype under stress and non-stress conditions. Grain yield demonstrated a positive relationship with MP, GMP, HM, and STI under stress and non-stress conditions, which can serve as a better indicator for testing tolerant wheat genotypes. Overall, the maximum value of MP, HM, GMP, and STI, for days to heading displayed in genotype CDRI-PV-1: 113.00, 112.12, 112.56, 1.30; days to maturity in genotype PS-28 with 151.00, 149.24, 150.11, 1.28; for plant height in genotype PS-28 with 108.00, 107.94, 107.88, 1.27: for grain yield in cultivar PS-34 with 3983.89, 3958.96, 3934.18, 2.25, and for biological yield in genotype PS-23 with 11250.00, 10999.44, 10754.46, and 1.80, which specify that they are most stable and tolerant genotypes across both the planting conditions. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for most traits. Based on stress selection indices and mean performance in this experiment, PS-23, PS-33, PS-34, and PS-28 genotypes showed the best performance, and genotype Inq-91/FS(f8) resulted as the most stable performance and tolerance in stress conditions compared with other genotypes in stress selection indices. These genotypes could be beneficial in future wheat breeding programs to enhance the grain yield stability in bread wheat.
Keywords: Bread wheat, stress selection indices, stress and non-stress environments, optimum and late sowing, abiotic stress conditions.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.5