Discovering its genetic diversity and background is crucial for the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genetic resources management and conservation. In the latest study, the start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular marker utilization determined the genetic diversity and set the distinctive genotypes in 10 seeded date palm (P. dactylifera L.) genotypes. The genotyping attained through SCoT markers assessed the genetic variations in the date palm genotypes by the dendrogram. The highest genetic similarity of 89% was evident between the date palm genotypes G8 and G9, while the lowest similarity of 71% was between the genotypes G10 and G1 and G1 and G8. Overall, 160 bands amplified through 10 seeded date palm trees ranged from 150 bp to 1600 bp. Having the lowest value of PIC grouped the markers SCoT-02, SCoT-03, SCoT-04, and SCoT-09 into a cluster based on the heat map plot. However, the genotypes G4 and G5 are in a cluster along with genotype G6. The genetic association stemmed through genetic parameters using PCoA, heat map, and genetic distance. These findings can help identify the genetic diversity of anonymous date palm genotypes.

Keywords: Date palm (P. dactylifera L.), date palm genotypes, genetic distance, genetic diversity, heat mapping, PCoA, SCoT markers

Key findings: The results enunciated that the highest genetic similarity of 89% was between the date palm (P. dactylifera L.) genotypes G8 and G9, while the lowest value of 71% was between the genotypes G10 and G1, and G1 and G8. Overall, 160 bands amplified through 10 seeded date palm trees ranged from 150 bp to 1600 bp. The markers of SCoT-02, SCoT-03, SCoT-04, and SCoT-09 were in a cluster. The genotypes G4 and G5 were in a cluster along with G6.

Conventional breeding approaches often rely on bi-parental crosses, in which analysis occurs only on two alleles, and genetic recombination in such a population is insufficient, limiting genetic diversity. Multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) populations display large sets of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that exhibit a genetic mosaic of multiple founder parents. MAGIC populations result in a broader genetic base that has emerged as a powerful tool for genetic analysis and breeding for disease resistance in rice. This study developed the MAGIC population by intermating eight diverse founder parents. Conducting the molecular survey sought to analyze the genes resistant to bacterial blight (BB) and brown planthopper (BPH). The research used primers specific for Xa21, xa13, Xa4, and Bph1 in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The survey identified combinations of three genes: (Xa4+xa13+Xa21) in BR52 and (Xa4+xa13+Bph1) in BR43, BR44, BR48, and BR58. Two-gene combination (xa13 and Xa4) materialized in BR53, BR54, BR60, BR73, BR85, and BR86, while identifying a combination of xa13 and Bph1 in BR11, BR41, and BR99. Xa4 was present in 14, xa13 in six, and Bph1 in three lines. Screening the population against Xanthomonas oryzae validated the presence of BB-resistant genes. The consistent finding is that the RILs with a combination of two or more genes express a high level of resistance compared with the RILs with a single gene. The RILs with Xa4 and xa13 expressed more resistance than the lines with xa13 and Bph1. Employing the MAGIC populations approach remains to be effective for gene pyramiding.

Keywords: rice (O. sativa L.), MAGIC population, bacterial blight, brown planthopper

Key findings: Developing MAGIC populations succeeded in pyramiding multiple resistance genes for bacterial blight and BPH in rice (O. sativa L.). A combination of two and three genes pyramided in RILs helped enhance resistance against diseases, leading to durable resistant lines.

Cotton is one of the world’s most important natural fiber and cash crops. The research carried out studies of plants F₁-F₄ considering the importance of cytogenetic analysis of interspecific hybrids for identifying structural differences between homologous chromosomes of crossed forms and substitution of individual chromosomes or chromosome segments because of introgression of interspecific hybrids in cotton breeding. The article comprised a cytogenetic analysis of introgressive lines obtained through the participation of intergenomic crosses and F₁-F₄ cotton hybrids. The results revealed that in crossed variants of F₁-F₄ hybrid plants, the presence of open bivalents and univalents in PMC (pollen mother cell) showed the absence of complete conjugation in the chromosomes. It could be due to the structural differences between the homologous chromosomes in the crossed forms caused by exchanging chromosomes with alien ones. According to the tetrad analysis, the average value ranged from 95.65% F₁L-158/16 × Sultan to 99.61% F₁L-4747-48/16 × Sultan in F₁ hybrids. Based on the tetrad analysis in 16 combinations, the meiotic index ranged from 96.76 ± 0.34 to 99.54 ± 0.19 in F₂ hybrids and 96.51 ± 0.56 to 99.34 ± 0.30 in F₃ hybrids, and in 17 combinations, the range was from 97.14 ± 0.29 to 98.92 ± 0.12 in F₄ hybrids. It also confirmed that meiosis is preceding naturally in the remaining hybrid variants, with a decrease observed in the meiotic index. The results also increased the number of other types of gametes (Monod, dyad, triad, pentad, hexad, and polyad), negatively affecting normal gametes formation.

Keywords: Upland cotton, G. barbadense L., G. hirsutum L., hybrids, introgressive lines, meiosis, tetrad, sporadic, bivalent, degree of fecundity

Key findings: The cytological analyses of introgressive cotton lines and hybrids confirmed their donor ability to enrich the cotton genome. Results established the stabilization of the meiotic division that raised the meiotic index and pollen fertility. The structural differences between homeologous chromosomes confirm the introgressed fragments of wild forms and valuable traits in the cultivated cotton genomes.

The presented trial carried out at the District Baqubah, Diyala Governorate, Iraq, assessed the effects of three planting dates (15 October, 05, and 25 November 2018) and four levels of organic fertilizer (0, 150, 250, and 350 kg ha^-1) on the seed yield and chemical composition of the goat pea (Securigera securidaca L.). The experiment in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement had three replications. The results showed that the 15 October planting was significantly superior in the percentage and yield of oil and the total content of phenols and glycosides, which amounted to 3.86%, 14.17 kg ha^-1, 1.23 mg g^-1, and 29.44 mg g^-1, respectively. The organic fertilizer treatment, 350 kg ha^-1, proved superior and provided the highest oil yield (14.48 kg ha^-1), while organic fertilizer, 250 kg ha^-1, was higher in the oil content (3.90%) and phenols (1.21 mg g^-1). The interaction between 15 October planting and organic fertilizer, 250 kg ha^-1, revealed a significant increase in oil percentage and the total content of phenols and glycosides, which amounted to 4.01%, 1.24 mg g^-1, and 29.68 mg g^-1, respectively. However, the interaction of the 15 October planting with organic fertilizer, 350 kg ha^-1, was superior in the oil yield (15.23 kg ha^-1).

Keywords: Goat pea (Securigera securidaca L.), planting time, organic fertilizer levels, seed and oil yield, phenols and glycosides

Key findings: The goat pea 15 October planting with organic fertilizer, 250 kg ha^-1, emerged superior in terms of significant enhancement in oil percentage, oil yield, and total content of phenols and glycosides.

Sweet corn is one of the essential food crops in Indonesia because of its many benefits, such as, being a source of carbohydrates, oil, flour, animal feed, and others. Corn demand increases yearly, needing a large land area to meet its requirements. However, planting maize during the dry season or low rainfall faces more challenges. Therefore, using drip irrigation is a solution to ensure corn growth and sustained optimal production. The presented study aimed to determine the effects of drip irrigation on the production of two varieties of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) and began from February to May 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Teuku Umar, Meulaboh, West Aceh, Indonesia. The study used a randomized design (split-plot) each for two irrigation levels: without drip irrigation (T₀) and drip irrigation (T₁) in main plots on two sweet corn varieties, Bonanza and Paragon. The parameters observed were cob diameter with cornhusk (mm), cob diameter without cornhusk (mm), cob length with cornhusk (cm), cob length without cornhusk (cm), cob weight with cornhusk (g), and cob weight without cornhusk (g). Analysis of variance showed that the drip irrigation treatments had no significant effect on all the recorded parameters. However, the varieties had a highly relevant impact on the cob diameter and length and considerably influenced the cob weight. Then again, the sweet corn varieties showed nonsignificant differences for all other variables.

Keywords: Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt), drip irrigation, production traits

Key findings: Drip irrigation is very effective and economical during the dry season, meeting the corn plants’ water requirements for their growth and development. Sweet corn cultivation with drip irrigation revealed enhanced cob diameter, length, and weight, and the sweet corn cultivars also had a highly significant effect on such traits.

Organic fertilizers’ usage enhances crop productivity and improves soil fertility and the surrounding environment in livestock complexes. The presented study assessed the effect of biofertilizers and poultry-based organic fertilizers on rhizospheric microbial diversity, yield attributes, and productivity of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Conducting field experiments started in 2021 in Northern Kazakhstan’s Southern carbonated chernozem of the steppe zone. Poultry manure application had three doses (5, 10, and 15 t ha^-1), while four types of biofertilizer of microbial origin consisted of Compo-MIX, Agro-MIX, Agrarka, and Trichodermin-KZ. The poultry-based organic manure resulted in the highest number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. By treating seeds with biofertilizers, Agrarka and Trichodermin-KZ, the organotrophic bacteria dominated the barley rhizosphere. The seed treatment with Agro-MIX, Trichodermin-KZ, and organic fertilizer (at the rate of 5 and 10 t ha^-1) resulted in a predominance of nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Combined analysis of variance revealed that, on average, the organic and biofertilizers significantly increased plant viability, 1000-grain weight, and grain productivity. Combined application of poultry manure (10 t ha^-1) and biofertilizer Trichodermin-KZ gave the highest average values of grain productivity, i.e., 1,550 and 1,490 kg ha^-1 (15.5 and 14.9 quintal ha^-1), respectively.

Keywords: Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), poultry manure, biofertilizers, nitrogen-fixing and organotrophic bacteria, yield components, grain yield

Key findings: The presented study authenticated the positive effects of applying organic manure and biofertilizer on the yield attributes of spring barley. Seed treatment with biofertilizers, Trichodermin-KZ and Agrarka, and poultry-based organic manure (10 t ha^-1) significantly improved barley growth and productivity. In general, all treatments with biofertilizers provided better yields than the control.

The presented research describes the hydrogenation technology and the chemistry of vegetable oils and fats using powder and stationary catalysts. The hydrogenation technology process includes various equipment and materials, i.e., equipment for hydrogenation, laboratory flow reactor, autoclave for hydrogenation on powder nickel-copper catalyst, hydrogenation catalysts, and selection of alloy stationary catalysts and their structure. The hydrogenation process includes selecting alloy nickel-aluminum catalyst promoters, measuring the viscosity of hydrogenated fat, using static catalysts as forcontacts, kinetic regularities of cotton oil hydrogenation with new modifications of nickel-copper-aluminum alloy promoted catalysts, and reception of food hydrogenated fat by consecutive hydrogenation of cotton oil on powder and stationary catalysts. Modifying immobile nickel-copper-aluminum alloy catalysts also evolved with the addition of vanadium, rhodium, and palladium in the hydrogenation process. The cotton oil pre-contact hydrogenation on stationary and powder nickel-copper catalysts is a novel development. It ensures an increase in the physiological and nutritional value of margarine products based on hydrogenated food fat. Studying the influence of technological regimes of cotton oil hydrogenation on new modifications of stationary nickel-copper-aluminum promoted catalysts commenced. The obtained results established the technological parameters for acquiring food and confectionery salons by combining stationary and suspended catalysts. Likewise, a combination of stationary and suspended catalysts has instituted the industrial parameters for the production of food and confectionery salons based on the effects of technological regimes (temperature, pressure, oil, and hydrogen supply rates) of cottonseed oil hydrogenation on new modifications of stationary nickel-copper-aluminum promoted catalysts.

Keywords: Cottonseed oil, hydrogenation and recertification, chemistry of vegetable oil, powder and stationary catalysts, triacylglycerides, linoleic acid, ethylene

Key findings: The latest continuous technology of pre-contact hydrogenation of cottonseed oil with stationary and powder nickel-copper catalysts helped increase margarine products’ nutritional and physiological values based on edible hydrogenated fat.

Three bacterial isolates selected as plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (PGPEB) from “Klutuk” banana (Musa balbisiana L.) gained scrutiny for first-time testing on black rice. The presented study pursued an investigation on the impact of endophytic bacteria inoculation obtained from “Klutuk” banana plants on the growth and production traits of black rice. For this research, the three bacterial isolates (K10, K324, and K111) served as inoculums for black rice seeds, testing for synergism. The three isolates inoculation into black rice plants used both single and consortium inoculation methods. With agar media, black rice growth observation began 14 days after plantation (DAP) while on soil, at 30 and 140 DAP with inoculation. Three isolates did not show any antagonistic reactions. Overall, isolate K10 showed less significant improvement in growth and yield traits of black rice compared with two other isolates, i.e., K324 and K111. With agar media, the endophytic bacteria inoculations did not show a significant effect on the growth of black rice, and even isolate K324 was inhibiting in action. However, on soil media, isolate K324 significantly enhanced the number of roots and shoot length in black rice compared with the control at 30 DAP. The single inoculation with isolate K111 has caused increased productivity based on the weight of the root, dry grain weight per clum, plant height, root length, leaf length, and panicle length in black rice. Isolate K324 promotes the growth of black rice on the soil media at 30 DAP, while isolate K111 improves the production traits on the soil media at 140 DAP. The study findings provide a significant basis for the positive impact of endophytic bacterial inoculation on black rice growth and yield traits.

Keywords: Black rice (Oryza sativa L.), endophytic bacteria, bacterial isolates, “Klutuk” banana, agar and soil media, growth and yield traits

Key findings: Endophytic bacteria isolates from “Klutuk” bananas have been illustrative of plant growth-promoting bacteria. Bacterial inoculation significantly improved black rice growth and yield traits. Isolate K324 enhanced the growth on soil media at 30 DAP, while isolate K111 enriched black rice growth and yield traits on soil media at 140 DAP.

A three-way cross is an artificial cross performed to assemble superior cultivars for increased soybean production. The presented study aims to evaluate the percentage of success in the single cross and three-way cross of soybean genotypes to enhance the genetic variability in the base population of the genetic material. The genetic material comprises three soybean cultivars, i.e., Grobogan, Anjasmoro, and Dega-1. The three-way cross design operation made various crosses. Parameters observed were plant morphology, percentage of cross success and seed formation in pods, number of seeds in pod, and the total seed weight. The results showed a relatively high (57.14%) success rate for the cross Grobogan × Anjasmoro, producing numerous one-seeded and two-seeded pods and 30 seeds per plant with a total weight of 5.4 g. However, the success rate in three-way cross (F1 descent [Grobogan × Anjasmoro] × Dega-1) was medium (35.37%). The results of crossing the three genotypes of parents will greatly determine soybean variability.

Keywords: base population, genetic variability, single and three-way crosses, soybean, superior cultivars

Key findings: The three-way cross is a crossing technique to increase genetic diversity. High genetic diversity will benefit the creation of new cultivars with the desired characteristics. The success of the three-way cross will ensure to increase soybean production.