The concerned study determined the effects of foliar application of nitrogen fertilizer – urea (N 46%) levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 gm L^-1) and seaweed extract (0, 2, 4, and 6 ml L^-1) on the vegetative growth and yield traits of pea (Pisum sativum L.), carried out in autumn of 2022 in Babylon Province, Iraq. The results indicated significant superiority of the seaweed treatment (6 ml L^-1) in enhancing the pea’s vegetative growth and yield. The seaweed treatment of 6 ml L^-1 provided the highest averages for plant height (57.60 cm), branches per plant (12.58), leaves per plant (26.88), leaf area (925.83 cm²), chlorophyll content (47.95 SPAD), vegetative dry weight (49.68 g), pods per plant (13.83), pod weight (14.10 g), pod yield per plant (196.90 g), and seeds protein (22.15%) compared with lowest values obtained in the control treatment. The foliar application of urea (15 gm L^-1) followed the seaweed and showed the second-highest averages for the above parameters (56.10 cm, 12.08, 25.77, 888.10 cm^-2, 46.20 SPAD, 48.23 g, 12.93, 14.08 g, 184.31 g, and 21.45%, respectively). The interaction of seaweed (6 ml L^-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (15 gm L^-1) was superior, with the highest averages for the said traits.

Keywords: Pea (Pisum sativum L.), seaweed extract, urea fertilizer, foliar fertilization, vegetative growth, yield traits, chlorophyll and protein content

Key findings: The foliar application seaweed extract and urea fertilizer, individually and in combination, performed better for the growth, morphological, yield, and biochemical traits.

Water pollution poses a foremost threat to crop productivity by degrading soil health. The latest study aimed to determine the impact of water quality and soil fertility on yields of chief cereal crops. Proposed data in corn, wheat, and soybeans used in Bayesian regression modeling helped determine crop-specific sensitivities to variations in water pollution and soil nutrients. The model estimates revealed that high water pollution levels reduced the average corn yields by 4.305 t ha^-1, wheat by 0.522 t ha^-1, and soybeans by 0.609 t ha^-1 compared with the water with low pollution. In contrast, the well-fertile soil improved corn productivity by 1.306 t ha^-1 and wheat and soybean yields by 0.52–0.61 t ha^-1 versus medium fertility. The results highlighted the critical need for policies to control water pollution while improving soil quality to sustain crop yields. These policies include Water Quality Standards, Pollution Prevention Plans, Wastewater Treatment Regulations, Stormwater Management Regulations, and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). Policies that lower surface and irrigation water contamination and enhance soil health require wider adoption to offset projected yield declines, especially given an expanding food demand.

Keywords: Water pollution, soil fertility and health, crop production, corn, wheat, and soybean yields

Key findings: The findings gave significant implications for agricultural practices and policymaking. The results emphasized the urgent need to launch policies and practices to control water pollution and improve soil quality to sustain crop yields, particularly in the face of an expanding global food demand. The quantitative evidence provided by the regression models emphasized specific yield losses associated with water pollution and the benefits of healthy soil in ensuring sustainable crop production.

The wastage of food items emerges as a critical concern impacting both food security and the economy. Additionally, it contributes to environmental degradation and climate change. Valorizing food waste and investigating its new potential uses in the food business and beyond may help to manage these issues. Bioactive components or dietary fibers are food trash types often useful as crude resources. Apple pomace and citrus peel are regular sources of dietary fibers, particularly pectin. Recently developed food waste streams and by-products are now considerable potential nutritional fiber sources. Hence, a need to restrict traditional procedures requires using unique extraction approaches. Past studies on the dietary fiber extraction from agricultural leftovers are central discussions in this manuscript. A comprehensive review commenced using different databases, including Science Direct and Scopus. Out of 308 scientific publications, 10 fundamental studies on the extraction techniques ‘ultrasound’ and ‘microwave’ were choices after filtering the data. With a focus on reevaluating agricultural residues for utilization in food, biotechnology, and medicines, these vital studies explored the effects of dietary fiber extraction techniques.

Keywords: Food waste, fibers, ultrasound, microwave, agro-industry, food security, environmental pollution, climate change

Key findings: Plant-based wastes have served for nutritional fiber extractions through various techniques. Depending on plant resources, future researchers and industry might benefit by exploring and using favorable extraction procedures with ideal circumstances. By reevaluating agricultural residues for utilization in food, biotechnology, and medicines, these decisive studies identified various techniques used for the extraction of dietary fibers.

The study evaluated the effectiveness, economic viability, and environmental implications of various strategies, including chemical pesticides, biological control agents, integrated pest management, and cultural and mechanical practices, to investigate the impact of different plant protection approaches on the sustainability of the Iraqi agriculture sector, Field experiments transpired across various regions of Iraq, with the data recorded through survey interviews of the farming community. The findings provide insights into the efficacy of plant protection measures in improving crop yields, reducing economic losses, and minimizing environmental risks. The study highlights the importance of promoting sustainable plant protection practices to ensure long-term viability and the Iraqi agriculture sector’s resilience. The presented results will have practical implications for policymakers, agronomists, and farmers, enabling evidence-based decision-making and targeted interventions. Additionally, the assessment also explored potential areas for further research. It also acknowledged the constraints and boundaries of the study.

Keywords: Agricultural sustainability, plant protection methods, chemical pesticides, biological control, integrated pest management, cultural practices

Key findings: The correlation coefficient was significantly positive, proving the null hypothesis was baseless. It also verified the validity of the main hypothesis 1 of the research through the analysis of the hypothesis 2. According to the scale, in hypothesis 3, the correlation was also significantly positive.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a genetically diverse group of vegetables with various cultivars having distinct traits. This study optimized somatic embryogenesis in anther-derived calli of selected commercial cucumber cultivars (Local Khera, Champion, and CP 001). Therefore, the experiment investigated the impact of 2,4-D and benzyl 6-aminopurine (BAP) treatments on embryo formation. The anthers collected from different-sized floral buds sustained culturing in various concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 mg L^-1). It was evident that calli induction in cucumber cultivars received significant stimuli from 2,4-D and BAP concentrations and dark culture conditions during calli culture. The maximum calli induction (51%) was prominent in anthers of cv. CP 001 at a higher level of 2,4-D in small-sized floral buds. However, the anthers of cucumber cultivar Local Khera (59.72%) performed better for calli induction than Champion (57.14%) and CP 001 (51.43%). The highest embryogenesis appeared in anther-derived calli of cultivar Local Khera (12%) under light culture conditions in tiny flower buds. Meanwhile, maximum (8%) embryo formation observed at a higher level of 2,4-D (4 mg L^-1) resulted in cultivars Champion and CP 001 under dark conditions. In conclusion, from the tested treatments, applying the highest level of 2,4-D and BAP at 4 mg L^-1 was more effective than other treatments, including the control. However, more calli induction was noteworthy under dark culture conditions, and maximum embryo formation occurred under light culture conditions.

Keywords: Cucumber (C. sativus L.), cultivars, anthers, dark, light, calli, embryo

Key findings: Applying the highest level of 2,4-D and BAP at 4.0 mg L^-1 was the most effective for calli production and embryogenesis in cucumber (C. sativus L.). However, more calli induction was prominent under dark culture conditions, while maximum embryo formation occurred under light culture conditions.

In Azerbaijan, the Shamkir District is one of the oldest agricultural regions on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The presented investigations mainly assessed the current state, dynamics, and comparative parameters of erosion, emphasizing its repercussions on fertility indicators of agricultural soils. Simultaneously, the study employed state-of-the-art methodologies to scrutinize soil sections strategically positioned in key areas of the research domain. The advanced chemical analyses helped acquire results that underwent meticulous refinement through mathematical and statistical methodologies. The study also determined the nitrogen, activated phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium levels beneath the grape plants, aimed at strengthening measures for soil erosion protection in the target region. Expanding the research was imperative to highlight the correlation between soil erosion and its consequences on the local ecosystem. Beyond the immediate impact on soil fertility, erosion can lead to enhanced sedimentation in water bodies, affecting water quality and aquatic habitats.

Keywords: Mountain gray-cinnamon (chestnut), soil types and subtypes, erosion process, soil sections, arable soils, diagnostic index, fertility parameters

Key findings: Mountain gray-cinnamon (chestnut) (42759.79 ha) is one of the widespread soil types on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus mountains in Azerbaijan. The vital factors of that soil are fertility parameters like humus, nitrogen, CaCO₃, and the sum of absorbed bases (SUB, mg-ekv), which can sustain plant growth and optimize crop yields in that specified soil. The soil granulometric composition’s expression was as a percentage of the weight of purely dry soil.

Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is a root crop widely grown and used as a food ingredient and spice in food preparation. Shallot plants have green leaves that grow upright and bulbs that form and develop underground. Wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) is an affecting disease that often attacks shallot crops. The presented research sought to determine the influence and interaction between cultivars and biological agents in controlling wilt disease and their correlation with the shallot‟s growth components. This research transpired from June to October 2023 at the experimental garden, Universitas Samudra, Aceh, Indonesia. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor included three shallot cultivars, i.e., Bima Brebes, Tajuk, and Batu Ijo. The second factor was the provision of Trichoderma, namely, T. viride and T. harzianum, and no Trichoderma (control). The shallot cultivar Batu Ijo, interacting with T. harzianum, showed the best growth characteristics in plant height against the wilt disease, and T. harzianum also slowed down the F. oxysporum infection rate in shallot plants.

Keywords: Shallot (A. cepa L.), cultivars, growth characteristics, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, Trichoderma species, wilt disease

Key findings: Shallot (A. cepa L.) cultivars, in integration with Trichoderma species, showed the best response for growth and development characteristics by revealing tolerance to the wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae).

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a delicious and popular fruit, rich with nutritional values that benefit human health. The presented study sought to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulator (PGR) benzylaminopurine (BAP) in enhancing shoot proliferation and its somaclonal variation effect on fruit morphological variation in bananas. The research proceeded with simultaneous steps, including in vitro culture of horn bananas, BAP treatment, and acclimatization. The shoots treatment with three different concentrations of BAP comprised 0 mg L^-1 (control), 3 and 4 mg L^-1. Observations occurred on the number of shoots, the survival rate during acclimatization, and banana fruit productivity. The results revealed that BAP (4 mg L^-1) considerably enhanced the number of shoots in bananas. Explants treated with BAP (4 mg L^-1) were adaptive to the acclimatization stage, reaching a 100% survival rate. Bananas cultivated using BAP also exhibited morphological variations, with threefold enhanced fruit weight compared with the wild type, reaching 644.90 g. Physiological changes during in vitro culture stages revealed shoot initiation to acclimatization, resulting in morphological variations caused by somaclonal effects. These findings lead to understanding BAP as beneficial for crop improvement.

Keywords: Banana (M. paradisiaca L.), acclimatization, BAP, morphological variations, somaclonal effects, shoots, productivity

Key findings: Somaclonal effects induced by benzylaminopurine enhanced the morphological variations and fruit size in banana (M. paradisiacal L.).

Assessing the ability of 26 bacteria isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soils to produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase validates their vital role in reducing heavy metal stress conditions. Eight of the 26 bacterial isolates showed positive results for ACC deaminase production. Isolate #11 had the highest enzyme activity by producing α-ketobutyrate (102 μM/mg protein/h). Additionally, ACC deaminase-producing, root-colonizing, non-pathogenic bacteria with a variety of advantageous properties were choices, including Bacillus licheniformis 10 (#10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (#18), Enterobacter ludwigii 11Uz (#11), and Enterobacter cloacae Uz_5 (#5). Treating wheat cultivar ‘Chillaki’ seeds with suspension #11 revealed a remarkable improvement in seed germination and growth strength (22%) under metal stress conditions. Plants grown under severe metal stress bore suspension #11 treatment, and the results showed a considerable improvement in plant growth metrics and total chlorophyll content compared with the control treatment. Additionally, in wheat seeds, the proline, catalase, and SOD activity rose by treating them with Enterobacter ludwigii 11Uz suspension. The results supported using ACC deaminase-producing Enterobacter ludwigii 11Uz (#11) for stress reduction by demonstrating that it can protect wheat plants from heavy metal stress via its antioxidant system.

Keywords: Local bacteria, wheat seeds, metal stress conditions, ACC deaminase, Enterobacter ludwigii, resistance, proline, SOD, CAT, germination ratio, growth strength

Key findings: ACC deaminase synthesizing bacteria with plant-growth stimulating properties showed the highest resistance to Ni and Cd cations. Select bacteria successfully investigated the morphometric characteristics and chlorophyll content of wheat plants grown under Ni and Cd stress conditions. Bacteria were notable for mitigating Ni and Cd stress conditions.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are a seasonal fruit, and remaining fresh on the market is only up to 3–4 months. The most common way to extend the period of grape consumption is to organize its long-term storage. By storing grapes, in addition to the natural loss in weight, waste also occurs, mainly caused by fungal infections. The presented research aspired to study the composition of epiphytic microflora on the grape cultivar berries immediately after harvest and long-term storage in the refrigerator and determine the effectiveness of using sulfur dioxide to prevent grape spoilage. The Azerbaijan local table grape cultivars Gara Shaani and Ag Shaani served as the objects of microbiological studies. Determining the fungal contaminations of the berries led the experiment to inoculate the growth medium. Fumigation application with sulfur dioxide helped suppress the harmful microorganisms’ activity. In fresh grape berries, the contamination microbiology differed sharply by grape cultivar. The fungi of the genus Aspergillus were visible in the cultivar Gara Shaani, while Penicillium in Ag Shaani. The results also have shown the effectiveness of using sulfur dioxide, which leads to a significant decline in fungi quantity by 87%.

Keywords: Grapes (V. vinifera L.), Absheron peninsula, microflora, cultivars, fungi, storage technology, fumigation

Key findings: In the stored grape (V. vinifera L.) berries, specific and varied microflora patterns were evident based on the biological characteristics of the studied cultivars.