M.T. UPADYSHEV
SUMMARY
The prevalence of harmful viruses, viz., apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple mosaic virus (ApMV), and tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) in apple tree plantations in the Ryazan, Yaroslavl, and Moscow regions, Russian Federation, based on genotype features, planting type (industrial, collection, and repository), and tree age was studied during 2018–2021. The prevalence of harmful and latent viruses ranged from 49.6% to 53.8% in apple cultivars and from 8.3% to 100% in apple clonal rootstocks. The most common virus in the Moscow and Yaroslavl regions was ACLSV (34.7% and 53.8%) and that in the Ryazan region was ApMV (33.3%). Relative to that in young apple trees, the virus influence in older tree tissues was higher by 20% to 43% depending on virus type. Monoviral infection prevailed (59% of all trees were infected with one virus) in the studied apple tree cultivars. Of the cultivars, 25% were infected by a complex of two viruses (ASPV + ACLSV), 10% were infected by three viruses, and 6% were infected by four viruses. The highest prevalence of latent viruses was observed in old Russian cultivars (53.5%) and selections from old foreign cultivars (57.2%). Virus occurrence was slightly lower (51.6%) in new Russian cultivars than in other cultivars. Columnar apple tree cultivars had the lowest virus occurrence (30%) and were found to be more tolerant than other genotypes. The highest virus incidence was recorded in industrial orchards (63.4%), followed by that recorded in collection (20.8%) and repository (18.3%) plantations. By using ELISA, the apple genotypes that were free from harmful viruses were identified as source plants, i.e., 183 plants from 18 apple tree cultivars and 131 plants from clonal rootstocks. Results indicated that virus-free apple germplasm is highly effective for the successful implementation of breeding and genetic improvement.
Keywords: Malus domesticа Borkh., viruses, cultivars, rootstock, diagnostics, ELISA
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.8
A.M. ABEKOVA, R.S. YERZHEBAYEVA, S.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, K. KONUSBEKOV, T.A BAZYLOVA., D.I. BABISSEKOVA, and A.A. AMANGELDIYEVA
SUMMARY
Sugar beet is a highly valuable and profitable crop in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is the only source of raw materials for the production of crystalline sugar and incidentals (tops, bagasse, and molasses). This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 53 sugar beet samples, 19 parental lines, and 34 hybrids from Kazakhstan by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, agromorphological traits, root mass weight, and sugar content at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almalybak, Republic of Kazakhstan. The experimental conditions were optimized for the 14 RAPD primers used in this study. The polymorphism index contents varied from 0.24 to 0.46, and all 14 primers were classified as moderately informative. The cluster analysis of RAPD data divided the sugar beet samples into seven groups. The greatest distance (D = 1.4) was noted among the male sterile lines ‘MS-1611’, ‘MS-1631’, ‘MS-97’, and ‘MS-2113’ and the pollinator lines ‘VP-44’ and ‘VP-23’. The samples were divided into six groups on the basis of root mass weight and sugar content via cluster analysis. The hybrids ‘RMS-90’, ‘RMS-134’, ‘RMS-133’, ‘RMS-136’, and ‘Ramnes’ were grouped in a cluster that showed the highest values of root mass weight, which ranged from 610 g to 680 g. However, the samples with high sugar content (18.2–18.5), i.e., ‘Shecker’, ‘2198’, ‘H-22’, and ‘1005’, were grouped into a cluster with a distance of D = 0.8. Lines located at a large genetic distance from each other were recommended for hybridization when creating highly productive hybrids. These findings can be applied in the development of new productive and stable sugar beet hybrids in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, markers, RAPD, root mass weight, sugar content, sugar beet
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.7
O.T. BAER, C.E. REANO, G.B. GREGORIO, MG.Q. DIAZ, LJ.A. PABRO, L. TAMBA, N. BALTAZAR, ME.R. FABREAG, A.E. POCSEDIO, S. LACAM, A.G. KUMAR, and T.P. LAUDE
SUMMARY
Bacterial stalk rot (BSR) caused by Dickeya zeae is one of the important diseases of maize that significantly affects maize yield performance. Resistance to D. zeae is influenced by high humidity and temperature. Affected tissues are described as soft, mushy, and emitting a foul odor. Yield losses can reach approximately 98.8% of the grower‟s potential. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments using seven biparental populations were conducted at Syngenta Philippines, Inc., from 2014–2020 to locate consistent QTL and markers involved in BSR resistance. The QTL detected in NMM033, NMM073, NMM089, NMM090, NMM091, NMX003, and NMX001 populations were used to estimate the numbers and positions of consensus QTL with BioMercator V4.2.3 software. Metaanalysis for BSR resistance was conducted by considering all QTL for BSR resistance traits identified in 2014–2020. Among the 49 distinct markers on chromosomes (chrs) 1 to 10, eight most significant loci 1 were detected, i.e., MSRQTL1-1, MSRQTL2-1, MSRQTL3-1, MSRQTL3-2, MSRQTL5-1, MSRQTL5-2, MSRQTL6, and MSRQTL10-1. Meta-QTL were identified in chrs 1, 5, and 10 in four populations; in chr 2 in three populations; and in chrs 3 and 6 in two populations evaluated in this study. The regions identified in chrs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 with high QTL colocalization across biparental populations were considered as important QTL for BSR resistance traits. Further implementation through fine-mapping is recommended for marker development. The impact of this discovery would strengthen downstream applications in marker-assisted backcrossing and is not only limited to maize BSR resistance but also to other native traits of different crops.
Keywords: Zea mays L., bacterial stalk rot, Meta-QTL analysis
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.6
M. SAJID, M.A.B. SADDIQUE, M.H.N. TAHIR, A. MATLOOB, Z. ALI, F. AHMAD, Q. SHAKIL, Z.U. NISA, and M. KIFAYAT
SUMMARY
The ideal temperature range for the optimal growth and development of cotton is 25 °C–32 °C and high temperature adversely affects the metabolic activities of plant cells. This study was aimed to screen heat-tolerant cotton genotypes based on physiological and molecular parameters. Experiments were carried out during 2019–2020 at the MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. The research comprised two parts. In the first experiment, 30 cotton genotypes were sown in a completely randomized design with three replications under laboratory conditions for the determination of cell membrane thermostability. Principal component analysis was performed, and four genotypes, i.e., two heat-tolerant (‘CRIS-5A’ and ‘VH-338’) and two heat-sensitive (‘FH-242’ and ‘VH-281’) genotypes, were selected. In the second experiment, the screened cotton genotypes were sown in pots in a factorial complete randomized design with three replications and two treatments (normal and heat treatment). Heat stress was applied at the seedling stage, and eight leaf samples (one from each experimental unit) were collected. Two genes were used for molecular analysis and were amplified in all eight cDNA samples. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of HSP70 and HSP26 genes in the cotton genotypes, and the expression of these genes was measured by using ImageJ software. The gene expression level of HSP70 was very high (16.41%) in ‘VH-281’, which is a heat-sensitive genotype under heat stress. The sensitive genotype ‘FH-242’ exhibited the highest gene expression level of HSP26 (20.32%) under normal conditions. A similar sequence of HSP70 gene of Agave sisalana was amplified for the first time in cotton. It is a good indicator for screening heat tolerant cotton genotypes at the molecular level.
Keywords: CMT, cotton, screening, heat shock proteins, high temperature, RCI%, oxidative damage
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.5
MAFTUCHAH, H. WIDYANINGRUM1, A. ZAINUDIN1, SULISTYAWATI, H.A. RESWARI, and H. SULISTIYANTO
SUMMARY
For the sustainable improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), local genotypes were conventionally crossed in East Java, Indonesia to determine a) the crossing success of different genotypes, b) germination percentage and seed setting traits, and c) the combining ability and heterotic effect of sorghum parental genotypes and their F1 diallel hybrids. Three sorghum genotypes (‘Lamongan-1’, ‘Tulungagung-2’, and ‘Jombang’) from the local germplasm were collected from various regions in East Java, Indonesia, and were crossed in a complete diallel design. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2018–2019 at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah, Malang, Indonesia. Results showed that the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids exhibited significant differences in seed weight and seed diameter and nonsignificant differences in germination percentage and seed setting. The parental genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ and its hybrids ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’, ‘Tulungagung-2’ × ‘Lamongan-1’, and ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’ presented the highest germination percentages, seed setting, seed weights, and seed diameters. The genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ had the highest general combining ability and was identified as a good general paternal and maternal parent for the production of promising F1 hybrids. The hybrid ‘Jombang’ × ‘Lamongan-1’ had the highest specific combining ability for all of the characters and was recognized as a promising F1 hybrid for improving sorghum yield. Cluster analysis divided all of the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids into two large groups with a similarity of 13.13%.
Keywords: Conventional breeding, parental genotypes, F1 diallel hybrids, crossing success, germination percentage, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, combining ability
D.E. QULMAMATOVA, S.K. BABOEV and A.K. BURONOV
SUMMARY
Wheat is the third most important staple crop in the world, hence, its sustainable production remained the primary focus due to increasing global consumption. This study aims to determine the genetic potential of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) F2 populations for yield traits. Six wheat genotypes were used for diallel reciprocal crossing and a total of 12 hybrids in comparison to parental genotypes were studied from 2015 to 2018 at the Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. In parental genotypes, the average spikelets per spike were similar, however, the highest index per spike was recorded in cultivars Bardosh (56.8±1.02), Unumli Bugdoy (57.9±1.05), and Sayhun(56.3±0.79). The F2 populations were recorded with the highest number of spikelets per spike and shifted to the right side by 2-3 classes compared to the parental genotypes. The appearance of right-sided regression and identified genotypes with higher 1000-grain weight was observed in the populations of cultivar Bardosh. Populations with higher indices (3.5 to 4.4) than parental genotypes were observed in the cross Bardosh × Unumli Bugdoy (21.7%). The range of variability for 1000-grain weight in the cultivars Kroshka and Bardosh belonged to 2nd class, and cultivars Kayraktash, Unumli Bugdoy, Saykhun, and K-5076 belonged to 3rd class. Populations with 1000-grain weight ranged from 44.0 g to 47.9 g, with a percentage estimate of 63.3% for cultivar Kroshka, and 76.7% for Kayroktosh. In the second generation, the variability range was distributed into eight classes. Larger grains were observed in the hybrids of cultivar Kayroktash. Hybridological analysis of the inheritance of quantitative traits exhibited that the grains per spike were mainly inherited according to the type of dominance of the best parent with a high trait index. The grain number and grain weight per spike were inherited by overdominance type of gene action in the characterized F1 populations.
Keywords: Bread wheat, quantitative traits, yield, transgressive variability, reciprocal combination
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.3
G.S. MANGI, Z.A. SOOMRO, G.M. BALOCH, Q.D. CHACHAR, and S.N. MARI
SUMMARY
Seven lines (‘VH-292’, ‘VH-259’, ‘Bt-802’, ‘Sadori’, ‘Shahbaz’, ‘CRIS-342’, and ‘Bt.ZZ.NL-370’), and three testers (‘VH-291’, ‘FH-113’, and ‘IR-3701’) of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were crossed through line-by-tester mating to produce 21 F1 hybrids. The lines, testers, and their F1 and F2populations were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan, in consecutive cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes (including parental lines, testers, and their 21 F1 and F2 populations) and parent vs. hybrids differed significantly for all the studied traits, except for plant height in the F2 population and sympodial branches plant−1 in the F1 and F2 populations. Lines ‘VH-292’ and ‘VH-259’ and testers ‘VH-291’ and ‘FH-113’ exhibited higher plant height, sympodial branches, bolls plant−1 and boll weight than other genotypes and were identified as suitable parental genotypes for hybridization. The F1 and F2 populations of ‘VH-292’ × ‘VH-291’ and ‘VH-292’ × ‘FH-113’ produced more sympodial branches, bolls plant−1, and seed cotton yield plant−1 than other crosses. The F1 hybrid of ‘Bt-802’ × ‘VH-291’ and the F2 population of the ‘Sadori’ × ‘VH-291’ cross produced higher boll weight than other genotypes. Overall, the mean performance of the F1 hybrids for all the traits was better than that of their parents and the F2 populations likely due to heterotic effects in the F1 populations and inbreeding depression in the F2 populations. The significant mean squares for parental genotypes, crosses, and parents vs. crosses indicated that the data obtained in this work are valuable for determining parental performance, hybrid evaluation, heterotic effects, and inbreeding depression. Significant mean squares due to parents vs. crosses revealed the good scope of heterotic effects in the F1 populations for all the traits.
Keywords: Line-by-tester analysis, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, inbreeding depression, morphological and yield traits, upland cotton
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.2
M.H. RANI, M. FARUQUEE, M.S.R. KHANOM, and S.N. BEGUM
Thirty rice landraces were evaluated during the 2020 wet season for the estimation of the genetic variability of six grain physical properties, viz. grain length (GL), grain breadth (GB), milled grain length (MGL), milled grain breadth (MGB), milled grain length breadth ratio (MGL/MGB), and 1000-grain weight (TGW), at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Substation, Sunamganj, Bangladesh. The relative contribution of these traits to variability was estimated by using principal component analysis (PCA), and the landraces were clustered by using Mahalanobis distance (D2)statistics. The TGW and MGL/MGB ratio exhibited high estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation. The high broad-sense heritability and genetic advance of all the traits indicated that the environmental effect had a weak involvement in the expression of these traits. PCA revealed six principal components, among which two were significant and contributed up to 96.9% of the total variance cumulatively. GL, GB, MGL, and TGW contributed to PC1 to create the variation among the landraces, whereas MGL/MGB ratio, GL, and MGL contributed to PC2. The landraces were grouped into six clusters. Cluster analysis revealed that the maximum and minimum intracluster distances were found in cluster III (235.11) and cluster VI (0.00), respectively. The longest intercluster distance was found between clusters IV and VI, and the shortest distance was found between clusters I and III. The maximum mean values for GL and TGW were observed in cluster VI. The mean values for GB and MGB were highest in cluster V, whereas the MGL/MGB ratio and MGL were highest in cluster II. ‘Madhumala’/‘Sada Madhumala’ and ‘Pankhuraj’ could be used in hybridization programs to exploit maximum heterosis for rice grain size and shape and for the direct selection of superior quality traits because these traits are less affected by the environment than other traits.
Date published: March 2022
Keywords: Rice landrace, heritability, principal component analysis, clustering
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.1
R.L. KARUWAL1,2, SUHARSONO3*, A. TJAHJOLEKSONO3, and N. HANIF4
Cowpea is one of the crops that have a lot of potential to be utilized as raw food resource in the Southwest Maluku district. The objective of this study was to evaluate local cowpea cultivars from Southwest Maluku under different locations based on morphological characters. The research was conducted in Ambon and Bogor using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. As many as seven local cultivars and three cultivars from ILETRI were evaluated. Observations were conducted on 18 morphological characters. The results showed that morphological characters were significantly affected by cultivars on each location. In general: KM3, KM4, and KM6 cultivars have the highest value in some morphology characters. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the number of nodes with number of leaves followed by seed number plant-1 with seed weight plant-1 and loci number pod-1 with seed number pod-1 . Principal component analysis showed that there were nine principal components and clustering in two clusters. The local cultivars have the highest genetic potential in this study and could be selected as plant materials in future plant breeding program.
Key words: Different environments, local cowpea, Southwest Maluku, morphological characters
Key findings: Cowpea cultivar KM3 was the best genotype at both locations i.e., Ambon and Bogor, Indonesia. It also showed similar stability in some characters and almost equal with cultivars from ILETRI in these locations.
CH. PALACHAI1, P. SONGSRI1,2 and N. JONGRUNGKLANG1,2*
1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
2Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
*Corresponding author’s email: nuntawootjrk(at)gmail.com
Email addresses of coauthors: patcharinso(at)kku.ac.th, chuleeporn_p(at)kkumail.com
Against the background of a changing climate, water logging is a major problem for sugarcane production and results in reduced productivity. Various sugarcane genotypes cultivated in waterlogged areas show different acclimations of yield component traits. Understanding such traits under these conditions could be useful in the selection of suitable sugarcane cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to evaluate cane yield and millable cane, stalk weight, stalk length, and sugar yield of 12 sugarcane varieties in upland (short water logging period) and lowland (long water logging period) areas. Yield, sugar yield, stalk length, stalk diameter, millable cane, and weight per stalk were measured at 12 months after planting. Under both conditions, the tested sugarcane genotypes were differed in terms of yield, millable cane, single stalk weight, stalk length, stalk diameter, and sugar yield. Long water logging periods induced cane yield reduction and decreased single stalk weight. KK3, Kps01-12, and TBy28-0941 showed consistently high productivity across short and long water logging conditions. A positive correlation between single stalk weight and cane yield was existed, and this trait could be used as criteria selection for high productive cultivars under flooding conditions. Millable stalk number could also be used as a surrogate trait under these conditions.
Key words: Single stalk weight, millable cane, stalk length, flooding, sugar yield
Key findings: The twelve sugarcane genotypes used in this study were significantly differed in terms of yield, yield components, and sugar yield under short-term and long-term water logging conditions. Long periods of water logging result in lower cane yield, sugar yield, single stalk weight and stalk length compared to those obtained under short-term water logging. Single stalk weight contributes to high cane yield and could be used as a selection characteristic for improving cane productivity under water-logged field conditions.