Author Archive Kaye1214

Morphophysiological characterization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes prevailing in the core area of Punjab, Pakistan

Haq IU, Razzaq H, Haq MA, Saeed A, Hameed M, Asif M

SUMMARY

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops and the fourth most important edible crop after the three major cereal crops. It is considered as an approximately complete diet food because of its nutritional value. Its center of origin is Peru, South America. In Punjab, Pakistan, the districts of Sahiwal and Okara serve as the core areas of potato cultivation. Thirty-three potato genotypes were collected from the core areas of Punjab for characterization. The genetic diversity of potato germplasm was assessed on the basis of morphophysiological traits. This experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design and three replications. The data on 14 morphological and physiological traits were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated the presence of highly significant variation for each physiological and morphological trait. Correlation analysis showed that plant yield was highly correlated with the number of tubers per plant (0.484), tuber weight (0.648), and chlorophyll contents (0.365). By contrast, tuber dry matter exhibited a significant highly negative association with tuber moisture content (−0.753). Algorithmic hierarchical cluster analysis allocated the genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster 2, which was the largest cluster, comprised 18 genotypes. By contrast, cluster 4 was the smallest cluster and contained only two genotypes. The results of diversity analysis obtained through hierarchical clustering were further validated through principal component analysis (PCA). PCA provided five significant principal components that contributed 72.39% of the total variation. The principal components of the biplot explained 41.95% of the total variation, with tuber moisture content and tuber dry matter as distinct traits. Cultivars ‘SH5’, ‘SH 7-18’, ‘Simply Red,’ and ‘Ruby’ were the vertex genotypes in the biplot. Results indicated the prevalence of significant variation in the tested germplasm. Furthermore, the assessment of diversity at the molecular level is recommended for the further validation of genetic diversity.

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Keywords: Genetic diversity, Punjab, morphophysiological traits, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, Solanum tuberosum L.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.2

Biochemical and cytological features of onion bulbs and leaves collected from various ecogeographical origins

Nemtinov VI, Kostanchuk YN, Pashtetskiy VS, Motyleva SM, Bokhan AI, Caruso G, Katskaya AG, Timasheva LA, Pekhova OA


SUMMARY

Allium cepa L. genotypes with different ecogeographical origins revealed the highest nutritional values when grown in Crimea, Russia. However, their environmental adaptation should be further investigated. This research was performed during 2016–17 to evaluate the qualitative, antioxidant, and mineral composition characteristics of 15 onion genotypes, of which four originated from the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Agriculture, Crimea, Russia. Sweet onion genotypes exhibited high ascorbic acid contents of 11.8–27.3 mg/100 g. However, some genotypes had a narrow range of ascorbic acid content (11.8–21.1 mg/100 g) due to their different ecogeographical origins and proved to be appropriate for industrial processing because of their spicy taste. Intensely colored bulbs had a high content of polyphenols (anthocyanins), which are known to have a positive influence on human health. Electronic microscopic assays revealed the morphological characteristics of A. cepa L. genotype leaves and demonstrated the differences in epidermal structure and adaptability potential. The 12 main mineral macro- and microelements with the highest contents in onion leaves were analyzed. The hyperaccumulator genotype with the highest leaf macro- and microelement content could be used to address mineral element deficiencies in humans. In onion genotype leaves, the contents of the mineral elements followed the order of Zn > Fe > Si > Na > Р > Cl > Mo > Mg > S > Ca > Cu > K. The biochemical analysis of 13 onion cultivars showed that the majority exceeded the standard values of dry matter and sugars (mono- and disaccharides) by 13% and 46%, 11% and 48%, and 36% and 150%. In onion genotypes, leaf surface microstructure was specific, and the largest stomata corresponded to the most productive cultivars.

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Date Published: December 2021

Keywords: Onion, bulb (Allium cepa L.), ascorbic acid, leaves, electronic microscopy scanning, energy dispersion X-ray analysis, mineral elements

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.1

Effect of silicon on maize under water deficit conditions at flowering stage

M.M.M. ATTA, R.M. ABD-EL-SALAM, H.M. ABDEL-LATTIF, and M.A. GARANG

SUMMARY

The use of silicon is an option for reducing the adverse effects of water deficit conditions. The recent study took place at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (30°02′ N and 31°13′ E, with an altitude of 30 m) in two seasons of 2019 and 2020. The study’s chief objective aimed to investigate the effect of water deficit at flowering on maize and its relation to silicon spraying. The study included two water treatments: non-stress (NS) and water stress (WS); three silicon treatments: (0, 3, and 6 mM L-1); and five single-cross hybrids. A split-split plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement proceeded with three replications. Water deficit caused a significant reduction in grain yield ha-1 by 7.41%. Yield reduction resulted from substantial reductions in kernels row-1 (8.52%), 100-kernel weight (7.16%), carbohydrate % (4.79%), and carbohydrate yield ha-1 (11.88%). Silicon treatments caused notable increases in carbohydrate % by 0.57% and 0.71% and oil % by 7.69% and 19.49% due to the concentrations of 3 and 6 mM L-1 of sodium silicate, respectively. In addition, significant increases in kernels row-1 (3.01%), 100-kernel weight (3.12%), and oil yield ha-1 (18.12%) occurred under the concentration of 6 mM L-1. The most interesting observation in the study showed the noteworthy increase in oil yield/ha for all studied hybrids, ranging from 13.33% (SC-3444) to 29.41% (SC-3433). It resulted from the application of the concentration of 6 mM L-1. The hybrids SC-30N11, SC-3433, and SC-3444 proved the best hybrids, displaying tolerance to water.

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), water stress, silicon, yield, carbohydrate, protein, oil, stress-tolerance index

Key findings: The water deficit condition at the flowering stage caused a significant reduction in yield and its components in maize. The silicon treatment 6 mM L-1 concentration notably enhanced the grain and oil yields and carbohydrates.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.25

Phosphate fertilizer and nano-magnesium fertilization effects on gene expression, growth, and yield traits of datura (Datura stramonium L.)

S.K. AL-TAMIMI and A.N. FARHOOD

SUMMARY

A study on the effects of phosphate fertilization and nano-magnesium application on several genes that control alkaloid synthesis, growth, and yield traits in Datura (Datura stramonium L.) underwent a field experiment in 2021 at the College of Agriculture, the University of Kerbala, Iraq. Using a randomized complete block design, the experiment had two factors with three replications. The first factor used phosphate (P) fertilizer, i.e., 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg P ha-1, while the second factor included a nano-magnesium application by spraying with concentrations of 0, 60, 120, and 180 mg Mg L-1. The results showed that adding 50 and 75 kg P ha-1 caused a decline in the concentration of atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine in Datura leaves (22.77, 81.02, and 68.90 mg g-1) and seeds (40.93, 65.69 and 99.79 mg g-1), respectively. Sequentially, 25 and 50 kg P ha-1 generated the most yields of alkaloids in Datura leaves, with an average of 149.10 and 149.12 kg P ha-1. Nano-magnesium application at the concentration of 180 mg Mg L-1 caused a significant decrease in the concentration of atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine in seeds and leaves, i.e., with average values in leaves (29.50, 90.25, and 71.25 mg g-1) and seeds (46.25, 82.49 and 121.320 mg g-1), respectively. However, nano-magnesium concentrations of 0 and 120 mg Mg L-1 gave the highest yield of alkaloids in the leaves, with average values of 152.30 and 152.81 kg ha-1. The nano-magnesium concentration of 120 mg Mg L-1 contributed the largest yield of alkaloids in seeds, with an average of 78.65 kg ha-1. The results also showed phosphorus addition significantly decreased the PMT, TR1, and H6H gene expressions, whereas nano-magnesium application only reduced the H6H gene expression. High quantities of fertilizers phosphorus and nano-magnesium boost Datura’s vegetative growth and production but lowered the alkaloid yield, thus recommending a balanced proportion.

Keywords: Datura stramonium L., genes PMT, TR1, H6H, gene expression, growth and yield traits, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine

Key findings: Spraying nano-magnesium achieved the highest yield of alkaloids from seeds at a low concentration (60 mg Mg L-1), whereas the alkaloids yielded the most from the leaves of Datura (D. stramonium L.) when no spraying of nano-magnesium occurred and when sprayed with concentrations of 0 and 120 mg Mg L-1. The best yield of alkaloids from Datura leaves or seeds resulted at low levels of phosphorus (25 kg P ha-1).

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.24

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) response to foliar application of arginine and nano-iron

Nihad T.A. AL-JANABI, and Mushtaq T.H. AL-ZURFI

SUMMARY

The latest study focused on snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) plants during the fall season of 2021–2022 in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Division, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. The study aimed to determine the response of snapdragon plants to foliar application of arginine (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg L-1). The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and three replications. The arginine (60 mg L-1) foliar spray led to a significant enhancement in the flower and physiological traits, i.e., flower carrier length (19.62 cm), age of the flowering inflorescence (25.01 days), leaf content of carbohydrates (12.75 mg g.-1) and iron (48.93 mg kg-1), and flower content for anthocyanin dye (21.40 mg 100 g-1) compared with the lowest values of the control treatment viz., 13.88 cm, 16.70 days, 11.25 mg g-1, 15.22 mg kg-1, and 9.82 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The nano-iron (90 mg L-1) also significantly improved the flower and physiological traits, i.e., the flower carrier length (18.06 cm), age of the flowering inflorescence (22.75 days), leaf content for carbohydrates (12.16 mg g-1); iron (38.08 mg kg-1), and flower content for anthocyanin dye (16.72 mg 100 g-1) compared with the control, i.e., 15.79 cm, 20.02 days, 11.71 mg g-1, 29.61 mg kg-1, and 13.05 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The interaction of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1) provided a positive effect of their individual application for flower and physiological traits (22.55 cm, 27.93 days, 12.93 mg g-1, 50.04 mg kg-1 ,and 23.06 mg100 g-1) compared with the control (12.84 cm, 15.43 days, 10.84 mg g-1, 13.0 mg kg-1 ,and5.13 mg 100 g-1), respectively.

Keywords: Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), arginine, nano-iron

Key findings: The single and dual interaction foliar application of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1) significantly improved the flower and physiological traits of snapdragon (A. majus L.) plants, followed by the individual application of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1).

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.23

Liquefied water and antioxidants influence on vegetative growth and physiological traits of sweet orange

A.J. MOHAMMED and Ali.S.A. AL-JANABI

Citrus production faces many problems; a major one consists of irrigating citrus seedlings grown at Agricultural Research Stations and various nurseries with saline well water, which determines the growth, reproduction, and spread of citrus in Iraq. The said problem needs addressing to reduce its effects on the growth and reproduction of citrus fruits. Therefore, the latest research aimed to determine the effects of regular liquefied water and saline well water, in addition to a foliar spray of aspartic and ascorbic acids, on the growth and physiological properties of the grafted orange seedlings. The local citrus seedlings of the same age and size were selected and used as the original and grafted with local orange buds. They were shifted and tested for the above three factors at the Horticulture and Forestry Division, Najaf Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. The findings showed that irrigation with regular liquefied water had improved the growth traits, i.e., plant height, leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, and dry biomass weight of sweet orange seedlings, compared with saline well water. Results further revealed that foliar application of aspartic acid (100 mg L-1) positively affected the leaves plant-1 and dry biomass weight compared with the control. The ascorbic acid (4000 mg L-1) application gave highly superior and well-responsive reactions for most of the traits, i.e., leaves plant-1 (69.3 leaves plant-1), leaf area plant-1 (3888 cm2), dry biomass weight (0.3629 g), and total chlorophyll content (7.03 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) in orange seedlings.

Keywords: Sweet orange transplants, aspartic, ascorbic acids, water quality

Key findings: Salinity impacts agriculture and crop plants must be induced for salt tolerance and sustained economic output. Antioxidants, such as, aspartic acid and ascorbic acid have auxinic action and also have a synergistic effect on plant growth and salinity tolerance.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.22

Humic substances and the mechanism of their influence on the production of higher green plants

A.I. POPOV, V.N. ZELENKOV , M.V. MARKOV, O.T. ZHILKIBAYEV, O.V. ROMANOV, E.V. SAZANOVA, G.D. KHOLOSTOV, K.I. TSIVKA, E.P. SHALUNOVA, J.V. SIMONOVA, and SONG GE

SUMMARY

The latest research proposed a new point of view about the material composition of so-called ‘humic substances,’ isolated from natural objects (soils, peats, sapropels, and composts) by alkaline solutions, and presented the conceptual model of direct influence of ‘humic substances’ on biochemical and biophysical processes into plants. ‘Humic substances’ are essentially black liquor, i.e., a product artificially obtained because of the alkaline hydrolysis of organic material from natural objects. Black liquor consists of a complex mixture of a variety of organic compounds. According to the proposed model, the biological activity of black liquor connects with accelerating the circulation of nutrients within plants, increasing the permeability of cell membranes, exhibiting de-toxicological properties, optimizing the ratio of organic and mineral anions in plants, and using some HS components as organic nutrients, inducing gene expression. Therefore, humic substances solutions have multifaceted effects on green vascular plants due to their direct influence on biochemical and biophysical processes.

Keywords: Humic substances, black liquor, alkaline hydrolysis, higher green plants, plant production process, colloidal systems of natural polymers, organo-mineral compounds, plant organic nutrients

Key findings: ‘Humic substances’ are the same as black liquor, artificially produced from the alkaline hydrolysis of organic material from natural objects. Black liquor composes a complex mixture of a variety of organic compounds. Hence, ‘humic substances’ solutions exhibit multifaceted effects on green vascular plants due to their direct influence on biochemical and biophysical processes.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.21

Comparative analysis of carbohydrate metabolites in amaranth leaves of different age

E.M. GINS, S.M. MOTYLEVA, V.K. GINS, I.M. KULIKOV, and M.S. GINS

SUMMARY

The recent study aimed to investigate the composition of monosaccharides and their derivatives in the leaves of vegetable species Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. ‘Valentina’ of different ages, as well as, their vital role in enhancing the adaptive potential of the plant. Forty-eight monosaccharides and 28 of their derivatives have been identified in the composition of amaranth leaves of different ages. The maximum number of hydrophilic carbohydrate metabolites clustered in the young leaf. However, in older leaves, the number of water soluble metabolites showed similarities to that of the soluble in ethyl alcohol. Along with the general carbohydrate metabolites, the old leaves also contained specific monosaccharides, such as, lixopyranose, glucose, sorbose, mannobiose, cellobiose, and monosaccharide derivatives, i.e., methyl galactoside, glucopyranosiduronic and glucuronic acids, and alcohol erythritol. However, in Amaranthus tricolor L., the young leaf is characterized by arabinofuranose and carbohydrate derivatives, i.e., alpha-ketogluconic, arabinohexane, glucaric, galactaric, xylonic-D, lactone acids, and alcohol pentatriol. The leaves of different ages’ composition showed polyhydric alcohols (glycerin, ribitol, and myo-inositol). It also showed osmoprotective and antioxidant properties.

Keywords: Amaranthus tricolor L., cv. ‘Valentina,’ mono- and disaccharides and their derivatives, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), antioxidants

Key findings: The gathered results show that the metabolism of Amaranthus tricolor L. leaves in different ages included general and specific monosaccharides. Their derivatives also exhibit antioxidant and osmoprotective properties.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.20

Identification of drought-tolerant kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes at the early seedling stage.

T. HUSSAIN, Z. AKRAM, G. SHABBIR, A. MANAF, G. RABBANI, J. IQBAL, U. JAVED, R. AHMAD and J. AKHTAR

SUMMARY

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is negatively affected by drought stress at all the growth stages, including germination and seedling emergence. The recent study aimed to investigate the drought-tolerant Kabuli chickpea genotypes at the seedling stage under osmotic stress conditions. An in vitro screening technique evaluated the 120 different genotypes of Kabuli chickpea for drought tolerance by using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (8000) solution, viz., T0: Control, T1: -0.19 MPa, and T2: -0.47 MPa, arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were recorded on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling length, root/shoot ratio, dry matter, seedling vigor index, and proline content. The results of a pooled analysis of variance revealed significant variability among genotypes, different polyethylene glycol treatments, as well as, between genotypes and treatments. The increase of polyethylene glycol levels negatively affected most of the parameters under study, except for proline content, which increased with an increase in polyethylene glycol concentration. The study results indicated that the advanced lines, 15KCC-106, 13KCC-114, 6KCC-103, GP-37, FS-10, and 12KCC-106, performed better under different osmotic stress conditions and gained selection as drought-tolerant advanced lines at early seedling stage. These advanced lines suitably combine with their desirable traits to cope with the drought condition and can serve as a baseline for the improvement of Kabuli chickpea breeding material for drought tolerance.

Keywords: Kabuli chickpea,drought tolerance, polyethylene glycol, proline

Key Findings: The breeding lines, 15KCC-106, 13KCC-114, 6KCC-103, GP-37, FS-10, and 12KCC-106 were identified as drought tolerant at the seedling stage and will be used in future breeding programs for the development of drought-tolerant Kabuli chickpea genotypes.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.19

Drought effects on physiological parameters of durum and bread wheat

T.H. TAMRAZOV

SUMMARY

The present research discusses the dynamics of changes in the surface of assimilation organs of different durum and bread wheat genotypes differing in the maturation period due to drought conditions. Under drought conditions, the soil water potential decreases, and in the later stages of the plants, the turgor pressure decreases, the stomata close, and a sharp decrease in photosynthetic activities. The situation creates stress in the crop plant, and various biochemical, physiological, and molecular reactions arise to overcome and protect itself from stress, allowing the plant to develop resistant mechanisms to adapt to the external environment. The existent research aimed to determine drought effects on assimilating surface areas and productivity traits of durum and bread wheat genotypes differing in their maturation periods grown under various climatic and soil conditions, with the comparison of the physiological indices. The experiments proceeded on wheat genotypes with contrasting maturation periods (early, medium, and late) during 2021–2022 at the Research Institute of Crop Husbandry, Absheron, Azerbaijan. The assimilating surface area of various organs underwent comparative studies in two durum (Garagylchyg-2 and Alinja-84) and two bread wheat (Nurlu-99 and Gobustan) cultivars under normal water supply and drought conditions. Post anthesis water stress caused a 34% and 27% reduction in grain yield and 1000-grain weight, respectively, while no significant effect on the grains per spike and spikes per m2. The averages of grain yield and 1000-grain weight of different wheat cultivars in the controlled condition showed 696±36g/m2 and 43.1±0.8 g/m2, respectively, while under water-stress conditions, these values significantly decreased to 452±57 g/m2 and 31.6±1.4 g. The significant reduction in grain yield due to post-anthesis water stress might be due to a reduction in photo-assimilates production.

Keywords: wheat genotypes, the drought factor, duration of ripening, assimilation area

Key findings: Resistant cultivars’ determination resulted from the effect of drought on productivity indicators against the background of changes in the main physiological characteristics of durum and bread wheat genotypes that differ in terms of maturity.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.18