Author Archive Kaye1214

Comparative study on fruit yield and quality traits of the new mango cultivars grown under Egypt conditions

S.A. ELSHAHAWY, S.A. NOMIER, F.S. MOHSEN, M.M. GAD, and R.A. KELANI

SUMMARY

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is Egypt’s third major fruit crop. The latest study aimed to evaluate 11 foreign mango cultivars Kent, Palmar, Yasmina Rose, Shelly, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Glenn, Sensation, Kensington Pride, Heidi, and Joa, in two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019, under Egyptian environmental conditions. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications to analyze the mango cultivars for floral aspects, fruit yield, its components, and fruit quality characteristics. Results indicated that cultivars Sensation and Yasmina Rose produced the highest fruit yield per tree. Cultivars Osten, Yasmina Rose, and Kent gained the maximum fruit weight. The study noted the uppermost value of fruit retention (%) for cultivars Palmar, Osten, and Joa. As for the initial fruit set, the highest value appeared in cultivars Heidi and Yasmina Rose, while cultivars Heidi and Kensington Pride revealed the highest value of fruit pulp firmness at the early stage of ripening in July. The Shelly cultivar recorded the highest percentage of pulp per fruit, while the lowest fruit fibers and total acidity percentage came from the Glenn cultivar. The fruits of Nam Doc Mai cultivar contained the highest total soluble solids and total sugar percentages, whereas fruits of the Heidi cultivar contained the highest value of vitamin C. Cultivars noted with the alternate bearing habit consisted of Kensington Pride, Palmer, and Shelly, while all other cultivars exhibited regular bearing. Mango cultivars Glenn, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Kensington Pride, Shelly, Joa, Yasmina Rose, Sensation, Kent, Palmer, and Heidi (first mentioned, most recommended in descending order) received high recommendations for successful cultivation under the Egyptian environmental conditions based on relatively better fruit setting and quality.

Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica L.), cultivars, evaluation, flowers, fruit yield, retention, fruit quality, fruit fibers and acidity

Key findings: The 11 mango cultivars exhibited varied differences in their characteristics. Reasons for these variations can be mainly due to their varied genetic makeup, as well as, the interaction between mango genotypes and the environment.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.17

Pear (Pyrus Communis L.) genotypes and their hybrids evaluation for winter hardiness in the Central Region of Russia

S.V. REZVYAKOVA, A.V. TARAKIN, N.I. BOTUZ, and E.V. MITINA

SUMMARY

This study comprises the selection of winter-hardy to highly winter-hardy pear (Pyrus CommunisL.) hybrid seedlings procured from various genetic origins. The development of pear hybrids resulted from intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. The simulation of the most damaging factors in the artificial climate chamber ensued according to the second and third components of winter hardiness – maximum frost resistance in a hardened state and stability of resistance to frost during the thaw. Critical temperatures affected the same seedlings, successively applying the specified modes, i.e., hardening at -10°C, freezing at -37°C (12 h), hardening at -10°C, thaw at +2°C (5 days), and freezing at -25°C (12 h). Combining genetically related variants to the highly winter-resistant cultivar, Phorun established the high breeding value for the yield of hybrid seedlings resistant to frost on the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness. Thus, in the family 17-43-30 (Phorun – free pollination) × Shihan, 5.0% of transgressive genotypes came up, which withstood the given modes without damage to the buds and central tissues, showing 48.3% of highly winter-resistant forms. In a hybrid combination of 24-45-45 (Phorun × Olivier de Serre) × (Gervais + Olivier de Serre + Dekanka Zimnyaya), 33.3% of seedlings with frost resistance at the level of the highly winter-resistant control cultivar Tonkovetka attained selection. Remote hybridization opens up new opportunities in the pears’ selection for frost resistance. In total, and as a result of distant hybridization, 5.47% of the genotypes (with frost resistance for the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness above Tonkovetka), 18.24% (at the level of Tonkovetka with freezing to 1.0 point), and 20.73% types (at the level of winter-resistant control cultivar Bessemyanka with freezing to 2.0 points) gained distinction.

Keywords: Pear, breeding, hybrid seedlings, frost resistance, winter hardiness components

Key findings: A comparative assessment was done on the winter hardiness of pear (Pyrus Communis L.) cultivars and their hybrids obtained through intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. New donors of winter hardiness and their hybrids received identification. Pear populations with highly winter-hardy traits gained selection from the genotypes of different genetic origins, i.e., Pyrus communis, P. ussuriensis, and P. bretschneideri.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.16

 

Nitrogen nutrition of crop plants in the precision farming system in the South and Southeast Kazakhstan

V.N. GUSEV, SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, A.E. KHIDIROV, E.K. ZHUSUPBEKOV, and L.K. TABYNBAYEVA

SUMMARY

South and Southeast Kazakhstan underwent soil nitrogen forecasting and diagnosing for nutrition to establish the requirement of nitrogen fertilizers for field crops. The study established the possible use of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen as an indicator to provide field crops with available soil nitrogen. Managing the soil organic matter more accurately as the main source of nitrogen helps determine the spatial and temporal variability of its content in each specific field and to use a narrower (oriented to the prevailing soil types) scale of humus availability. The recent studies began in several stages, during 2014–2016, 2015–2017, and 2020–2021, on the irrigated light chestnut calcareous medium loamy non-saline and non-alkaline soil formed at the foothill loess plain of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan. The nitrogen content of nitrates varied significantly over the years of research. In the control variants (without fertilizers), the recording of the minimum content of N-NO3 took place in 2016 compared with 2014 and 2015. In two consecutive years (2020–2021), 2,816 ha of arable land underwent testing in Almaty, Zhambyl, and Zhetysu regions, Kazakhstan. A total collection of 1,015 soil samples went through analysis, revealing a close correlation between the content of humus and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in the upper soil layer of 0-30 cm. The hydrothermal conditions from a long multi-factorial field experiment data largely affected the intensity of mineralization and immobilization processes of the available nitrogen compounds. The rational use of nitrogen fertilizers makes it possible to increase the field crop yield with good quality and enhance the payback of applied fertilizers, maintaining and improving soil fertility.

Keywords: Light chestnut soil, humus, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, the need for nitrogen fertilizers, the planned harvest

Key findings: Rational use of nitrogen fertilizers and the determination of spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen fertilizer consumption fully control the state of provision of plants.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.15

 

First testimony of new host plant of Colletotrichum magnum (S.F. Jenkins & Winstead) Rossman & W.C. Allen causing anthracnose in Carica papaya L. fruits in Bali, Indonesia

S.K. SUDIRGA, I.M.S. WIJAYA, and A.A.K. DARMADI

SUMMARY

Anthracnose forms a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of crop plants in warm and humid areas. Anthracnose causes the wilting, withering, and dying of tissues of plants, commonly infecting the developing shoots, leaves, and fruits. It critically affects the quality and production of Carica papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia. The pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose fungal disease. Research on morphology and molecular identification of pathogenic fungi is very important to determine the type of pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in the papaya fruit. The latest study aims to identify the pathogen that caused anthracnose on papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia, carried out during July – December 2021 at the Belok Village, District of Petang, Badung Regency, and in Laboratory of Biochemistry, Udayana University, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. The study used Koch’s postulates to confirm the pathogenicity and continued with macro- and micro-morphological characterization. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characterization, the pathogen has shown similar traits to the genus Colletotrichum. Molecular identification took place using the ITS sequences to increase data robustness. Based on the molecular analysis, the DNA sequences of the genus Colletotrichum isolated from papaya fruits showed the symptoms of anthracnose disease. Based on the latest findings, the pathogen causing anthracnose disease in Carica papaya fruits showed as the species Colletotrichum magnum in Bali, Indonesia.

Keywords: Carica papaya, Colletotrichum magnum, anthracnose, molecular identification

Key findings: The latest study identified the pathogenic fungi (species Colletotrichum magnum) causing anthracnose disease on Carica papaya fruits through morphological and molecular approaches.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.14

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Possibility of higher green plants heterotrophic nutrition

A.I. POPOV1, V.N. ZELENKOV, and M.V. MARKOV

SUMMARY

Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.

Keywords: Sorghum bicolor DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress

Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.13

Performance and transcriptomic analysis of Sorghum bicolor responding to drought stress

A.M. HASSAN, M.F. AHMED, and M.A. RASHED

SUMMARY

Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.

Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress

Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.

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Date of publication: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.12

 

Rice grain dark spots and their impact on quality associated traits

N.G. TUMANYAN, M.A. ТKACHENKO, T.B. KUMEIKO, and S.S. CHIZHIKOVA

SUMMARY

Rice grain damage due to dark spots was noted more than 10 years ago in Russia. However, this phenomenon has long existed in other rice-growing countries. The factor limiting high rice yields are insect pests and pathogenic microorganisms, the vital activity of which leads to the occurrence of dark spots on the grain shells. This study hopes to assess the effects of dark spots on rice grains of six rice cultivars bred in Russia, i.e., Rapan, Khazar, Romans, Favorit, Trio, and Prestige. The study was carried out in 2020–2021 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Krasnodar, Russia. With an increase in the content of damaged grains from 5% to 10% and 20%, the mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains, vitreosity, and head rice content decrease, the filminess increased, and the content of damaged grains negatively affecting the quality traits of rice grains. If the content of damaged grains is up to 5%, grain quality decreases giving no impact of the parameter. The need to predict rice grain yield and quality based on grain damage intensity caused by dark spots ensures the profitability of growing various cultivars in rice production.

Keywords: Rice germplasm, seed dark spots, grain damage, grain yield, grain quality traits

Key findings: Damaged rice grains increase in the grain mass, decrease quality, grain size, vitreosity, and head rice content, and increase filminess. Overall, the content of damaged grains significantly affects the rice grain quality traits.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.11

Biological potential of winter cereals in the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia

N.A. BOME, S. SALEKH1, K.P. KOROLEV, N.N. KOLOKOLOVA, L.I. WEISFELD,
and N.V. TETYANNIKOV

Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, and rye) are the most cultivated crops in Russia, and their yield and quality results from the combination of environment and farm management. Generally, winter cereals have a much higher yield than spring cereals due to the ability to use winter moisture for growth. The latest study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of the winter wheat, triticale, and rye according to the variability of quantitative traits under the environmental conditions of Northern Trans-Urals, Russia, during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Results revealed that the genotypes of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) showed improved harvests compared with winter wheat even under unfavorable environmental conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia. The chlorophyll content in the plant leaves was used as a tool for screening the genotypes of different winter cereals. Plant screening with the SPAD 502 Plus optical chlorophyll counter made it possible to determine the responses of genotypes to the heat and water stress conditions. For chlorophyll content in the flag leaf cells, intra- and inter-specific differences were observed. The fields of winter crops harvested in summer (late July to early August) can serve for growing multifunctional crops like ground cover, fodder, and green manure crops.

Keywords: Winter wheat, triticale, rye, diverse environments, chlorophyll, SPAD 502 device, cultivars testing

Key findings: Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, and rye) showed a high potential for winter hardiness, resistance to lack of moisture, and against high air temperatures, giving high grain yield. Thus, the study suggests them as promising under the environmental conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia. Further, in evaluating plant morphological traits, the chlorophyll content in leaves at using a portable meter SPAD 502 provides a useful criterion for screening the genotypes. The fields of winter crops harvested in summer can serve for growing multipurpose crops.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.10

TAOPR1 salt tolerance gene expression and physiological traits in wheat

D.M. MAJEED, E.N. ISMAIL, F.R. AL-BURKI, A.S. ABED , and A.M.J. AL-JIBOURI

SUMMARY

Salinity is an abiotic stress factor and a major challenge that has significant negative effects on wheat production. It is also a source of concern for plant breeders leading them to reach reliable screening criteria for salt tolerance in wheat genotypes. The physiological analysis showed that the three salt-tolerant wheat genotypes viz., Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest rate for the physiological traits i.e., chlorophyll content (38.9, 39.5, and 42.1, respectively),carbohydrates (600.14, 590.6, 560.8: 2H, 3H, and Dijla, respectively), proline acid (24.30, 23.14, and 21.87: Dijla, 3H, and 2H, respectively) under salt stress conditions, except protein percentage (3.8% and 3.3%: Rabia and Ibaa99, respectively) and K+/Na+ ratio (6.3 and 5.9: 2H and Dijla, respectively). The salt-tolerant wheat genotypes 2H, Dijla, and 3H enunciated an increased rate of expression of salt-related genes (TaOPR1 gene and β-actin gene) with values of 6.498, 4.0, and 3.768, respectively compared to two other salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia under salt stress conditions. The salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia showed no gene expression and significant difference with the control treatment after being treated with salinity stress conditions.

Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), gene expression, TaOPR1 salt tolerance gene, salt-tolerant genotypes, chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates, proline acid, K+/ Na+

Key findings: Under saline stress conditions, the genotypes of Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest content of chlorophyll, protein (%), carbohydrate, and proline acid, except for K+/Na+ ratio, and excelled other wheat genotypes in gene expression (6.498, 4.0, and 3.768), respectively at the salt level of 16 dS/m. However, the salinity-sensitive wheat genotypes Ibaa99 and Rabia provided relatively low values for the expression of TaOPR1 gene expression associated with salt tolerance.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.9

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) Genotypes assessment for leaf yield stability through genotype by environment interactions, AMMI, and GGE biplot analyses

S. AMIEN, H. MAULANA, D. RUSWANDI, and S. NURJANAH

SUMMARY

Multilocation testing plays a vital role in the release of new high-yielding cultivars of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) in Indonesia. In stevia, the leaf yield potential demonstrates an important characteristic for superior genotype selection. The study sought to identify the effects of genotype by environment interactions (GEI) on stevia yield and select the genotypes with stable yield resulting from radiation and hybridization through AMMI and GGE biplot analyses under three growing environments. The experiments took place in three locations, namely, Bandung, Sumedang, and Garut, West Java, Indonesia, consisting of a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) attained the genotype by environment interactions measurements. Calculating yield stability used the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), AMMI stability value (ASV), genotype stability index (GSI), and genotype plus genotype by environments (GGE) biplot measurements. The results revealed significant effects of environments (92.38%), followed by GEI (5.20%), and genotype effects (2.43%) of the total variation on stevia yield. The stevia genotypes viz., G11, G27, G2, and G5 gave a higher and more stable yield based on the AMMI-1 biplot. Based on the GGE biplot and the genotypes’ sustainable performances, the stevia genotypes, i.e., G27, G2, G11, G20, and G26, gained selection as stable. The three selected stevia genotypes displayed the highest yields and proved stable in three environments viz., G2 (Tamangwangu EMS mutant number A), G11 (Bogor mutant with gamma ray radiation 5 number C), and G27 (a hybrid from Garut × Bogor-3). These promising genotypes exhibit the potential for further development into new superior stevia genotypes.

Keywords: Adaptability, GEI, multilocations, productivity, West Java-Indonesia

Key findings: Increased stevia leaf yields proved highly influenced by genotypes, environments, and their interactions, where environmental effects contributed 92.38% of the total variation. The use of various stability measures, including AMMI and GGE biplot, helped select three superior stevia genotypes as being stable and high yielding under various environments.

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Date published: October 2022

DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.8