A.I. POPOV1, V.N. ZELENKOV, and M.V. MARKOV
SUMMARY
Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress
Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.13
A.M. HASSAN, M.F. AHMED, and M.A. RASHED
SUMMARY
Drought is a severe causal factor of reduced crop yields than other abiotic stresses. Therefore, four sorghum genotypes underwent evaluation for their drought tolerance under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 40% from evapotranspiration) under three sowing dates at the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Farm, Regwa region, Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt, to study the mean performance of grain yield plant-1 and transcriptomic analysis. The performance results reported that Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 revealed the highest drought-tolerant hybrids, while Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars showed the lowest. The transcriptomic profiling of sorghum under normal and drought stress used the RNA-Seq method. Two differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves respond to drought. In the DREB2 case, the greatest average fold change showed 10.7 and 9.3 for the tolerant hybrids, Hybrid-306 and Shandaweel-6, respectively. Both genotypes performed significantly higher than the average fold change calculated for the sensitive genotypes Dorado and Giza-113 cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and promotes sorghum improvement.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, DREB2, CBF4, transcriptomic, cDNA, transcription factors, drought stress
Key findings: Sorghum hybrids Shandaweel-6 and Hybrid-306 received classification as drought-tolerant because of their best performance under drought stress and normal conditions. Both hybrids possess resistance genes for drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the cultivars Dorado and Giza-113 proved susceptible to drought stress due to their weak performances under drought-stress conditions.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.12
N.G. TUMANYAN, M.A. ТKACHENKO, T.B. KUMEIKO, and S.S. CHIZHIKOVA
SUMMARY
Rice grain damage due to dark spots was noted more than 10 years ago in Russia. However, this phenomenon has long existed in other rice-growing countries. The factor limiting high rice yields are insect pests and pathogenic microorganisms, the vital activity of which leads to the occurrence of dark spots on the grain shells. This study hopes to assess the effects of dark spots on rice grains of six rice cultivars bred in Russia, i.e., Rapan, Khazar, Romans, Favorit, Trio, and Prestige. The study was carried out in 2020–2021 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Krasnodar, Russia. With an increase in the content of damaged grains from 5% to 10% and 20%, the mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains, vitreosity, and head rice content decrease, the filminess increased, and the content of damaged grains negatively affecting the quality traits of rice grains. If the content of damaged grains is up to 5%, grain quality decreases giving no impact of the parameter. The need to predict rice grain yield and quality based on grain damage intensity caused by dark spots ensures the profitability of growing various cultivars in rice production.
Keywords: Rice germplasm, seed dark spots, grain damage, grain yield, grain quality traits
Key findings: Damaged rice grains increase in the grain mass, decrease quality, grain size, vitreosity, and head rice content, and increase filminess. Overall, the content of damaged grains significantly affects the rice grain quality traits.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.11
N.A. BOME, S. SALEKH1, K.P. KOROLEV, N.N. KOLOKOLOVA, L.I. WEISFELD,
and N.V. TETYANNIKOV
Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, and rye) are the most cultivated crops in Russia, and their yield and quality results from the combination of environment and farm management. Generally, winter cereals have a much higher yield than spring cereals due to the ability to use winter moisture for growth. The latest study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of the winter wheat, triticale, and rye according to the variability of quantitative traits under the environmental conditions of Northern Trans-Urals, Russia, during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Results revealed that the genotypes of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) showed improved harvests compared with winter wheat even under unfavorable environmental conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia. The chlorophyll content in the plant leaves was used as a tool for screening the genotypes of different winter cereals. Plant screening with the SPAD 502 Plus optical chlorophyll counter made it possible to determine the responses of genotypes to the heat and water stress conditions. For chlorophyll content in the flag leaf cells, intra- and inter-specific differences were observed. The fields of winter crops harvested in summer (late July to early August) can serve for growing multifunctional crops like ground cover, fodder, and green manure crops.
Keywords: Winter wheat, triticale, rye, diverse environments, chlorophyll, SPAD 502 device, cultivars testing
Key findings: Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, and rye) showed a high potential for winter hardiness, resistance to lack of moisture, and against high air temperatures, giving high grain yield. Thus, the study suggests them as promising under the environmental conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia. Further, in evaluating plant morphological traits, the chlorophyll content in leaves at using a portable meter SPAD 502 provides a useful criterion for screening the genotypes. The fields of winter crops harvested in summer can serve for growing multipurpose crops.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.10
D.M. MAJEED, E.N. ISMAIL, F.R. AL-BURKI, A.S. ABED , and A.M.J. AL-JIBOURI
SUMMARY
Salinity is an abiotic stress factor and a major challenge that has significant negative effects on wheat production. It is also a source of concern for plant breeders leading them to reach reliable screening criteria for salt tolerance in wheat genotypes. The physiological analysis showed that the three salt-tolerant wheat genotypes viz., Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest rate for the physiological traits i.e., chlorophyll content (38.9, 39.5, and 42.1, respectively),carbohydrates (600.14, 590.6, 560.8: 2H, 3H, and Dijla, respectively), proline acid (24.30, 23.14, and 21.87: Dijla, 3H, and 2H, respectively) under salt stress conditions, except protein percentage (3.8% and 3.3%: Rabia and Ibaa99, respectively) and K+/Na+ ratio (6.3 and 5.9: 2H and Dijla, respectively). The salt-tolerant wheat genotypes 2H, Dijla, and 3H enunciated an increased rate of expression of salt-related genes (TaOPR1 gene and β-actin gene) with values of 6.498, 4.0, and 3.768, respectively compared to two other salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia under salt stress conditions. The salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia showed no gene expression and significant difference with the control treatment after being treated with salinity stress conditions.
Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), gene expression, TaOPR1 salt tolerance gene, salt-tolerant genotypes, chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates, proline acid, K+/ Na+
Key findings: Under saline stress conditions, the genotypes of Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest content of chlorophyll, protein (%), carbohydrate, and proline acid, except for K+/Na+ ratio, and excelled other wheat genotypes in gene expression (6.498, 4.0, and 3.768), respectively at the salt level of 16 dS/m. However, the salinity-sensitive wheat genotypes Ibaa99 and Rabia provided relatively low values for the expression of TaOPR1 gene expression associated with salt tolerance.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.9
S. AMIEN, H. MAULANA, D. RUSWANDI, and S. NURJANAH
SUMMARY
Multilocation testing plays a vital role in the release of new high-yielding cultivars of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) in Indonesia. In stevia, the leaf yield potential demonstrates an important characteristic for superior genotype selection. The study sought to identify the effects of genotype by environment interactions (GEI) on stevia yield and select the genotypes with stable yield resulting from radiation and hybridization through AMMI and GGE biplot analyses under three growing environments. The experiments took place in three locations, namely, Bandung, Sumedang, and Garut, West Java, Indonesia, consisting of a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) attained the genotype by environment interactions measurements. Calculating yield stability used the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), AMMI stability value (ASV), genotype stability index (GSI), and genotype plus genotype by environments (GGE) biplot measurements. The results revealed significant effects of environments (92.38%), followed by GEI (5.20%), and genotype effects (2.43%) of the total variation on stevia yield. The stevia genotypes viz., G11, G27, G2, and G5 gave a higher and more stable yield based on the AMMI-1 biplot. Based on the GGE biplot and the genotypes’ sustainable performances, the stevia genotypes, i.e., G27, G2, G11, G20, and G26, gained selection as stable. The three selected stevia genotypes displayed the highest yields and proved stable in three environments viz., G2 (Tamangwangu EMS mutant number A), G11 (Bogor mutant with gamma ray radiation 5 number C), and G27 (a hybrid from Garut × Bogor-3). These promising genotypes exhibit the potential for further development into new superior stevia genotypes.
Keywords: Adaptability, GEI, multilocations, productivity, West Java-Indonesia
Key findings: Increased stevia leaf yields proved highly influenced by genotypes, environments, and their interactions, where environmental effects contributed 92.38% of the total variation. The use of various stability measures, including AMMI and GGE biplot, helped select three superior stevia genotypes as being stable and high yielding under various environments.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.8
M.U. UTEBAYEV, Y.Y. DOLINNY, S.M. DASHKEVICH, and N.A. BOME
The progressive study determined the gliadin ‘profile’ and genetic diversity based on allelic variations of gliadin-coding loci in spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) selection from Russian and Kazakh origins. A total of 139 samples obtained from a spring soft wheat collection consisting of 62 from Russia and 77 from Kazakhstan were studied. As a result of electrophoretic analysis in Russian wheat, the share of monomorphic gliadin cultivars was 63% and polymorphic was 37%. However, in the Kazakh wheat collection, the share of polymorphic gliadin cultivars was 26%. The alleles were mostly found among the Russian cultivars, i.e., Gli-А1f (46.9%), Gli-В1е (43.7%), Gli-В1b (30.8%), Gli-D1а (61.0%), Gli-А2l (17.0%), Gli-А2m (16.9%), Gli-В2o (16.1%), and Gli-D2q (19.8%). In wheat genotypes collected from Kazakhstan, the following alleles dominated, i.e., Gli-А1f (47.4%), Gli-В1е (72.0%), Gli-D1а (61.7%), Gli-А2l (25.3%), Gli-А2s (16.2%), Gli-В2r (25.7%), and Gli-D2a (40.3%).The study compiled the so-called ‘ideal’ electrophoretic spectrum of gliadin for several countries to visualize the ‘portrait’ of wheat, created based on common blocks of gliadin identified by the researchers at different times. It assumed that cultivars close to the ‘ideal’ spectrum in gliadin alleles should have a complex of economically valuable features. For example, the spectrum of Russian wheat consists of the blocks of components controlled by alleles, i.e., f, e, a, q, o, e. As for the Kazakh wheat, its ‘ideal’ spectrum f, e, a, l, r, acoincides with the spectrum of Russian wheat at the loci Gli-1, as Russian cultivars were often taken as parental genotypes by the Kazakhstan breeders.i
Keywords: spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), germplasm, breeding, gliadin, Gli-locus, polymorphism
Key findings: The concept of the ‘ideal’ electrophoretic spectrum of gliadin for specific climatic conditions is proposed, which implies that cultivars in which the spectrum of gliadin is close to ‘ideal’ can have a complex of economically valuable features.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.7
MUNARTI, D. WIRNAS, TRIKOESOEMANINGTYAS, SOBIR, M. SYUKUR, and D. SOPANDIE
SUMMARY
Stay-green (SGR) is an essential trait in sorghum associated with grain yield under drought and high-temperature stress conditions. The study sought to analyze the homology of the stay-green gene fragment in Indonesian sorghum cultivars, comparing it with the SGR gene sequences in the GenBank database. Two primer pairs, designated as SGR_1 and SGR_2, got designed from the SGR gene of Sorghum bicolor and used to amplify seven sorghum genotypes. The DNA fragments of 300 bp and 1000 bp produced by SGR_1 and SGR_2, respectively, underwent sequencing. Amino acid analysis of the seven sorghum genotypes resulted in high homology with senescence-inducible chloroplast SGR-protein 1 from Zea mays and SGR-chloroplastic of Setaria italica. An observation on a conservative region with the SGR domain noticed SGR genes, derived from sorghum genotypes, clustered separately with those from other SGR genes available in the GenBank database. The first group consisted of a sorghum genotype (Samurai 2), the second group consisted of Super 2, Numbu, and Kawali, while the third group consisted of PI-150-20-A, Pahat, and B69 with coefficient similarity of 10%, 14%, and 30%, respectively. Although Indonesian sorghum has a different group in GenBank, it has similar nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with identity values of 95%-100% and 51%-100%, respectively. The amino acid diversity of the DNA fragments of the SGR gene is highly potential to develop molecular markers, especially the stay green character. The finding will support a sorghum breeding efficiently and precisely, especially for yield improvement under drought-stress conditions.
Keywords: Drought stress, phylogenetic analysis, sequence identity, SGR-like (SGRL)
Key findings: The SGR gene sequence contains a conservative region and has high homology with the senescence-inducible chloroplast stay-green protein 1 and stay-green chloroplast proteins. These results prove that the SGR gene family in Indonesian sorghum cultivars is SGR-like (SGRL).
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.6
M. HUSSAIN, S. ALI, M. ZEESHAN, G. NABI, SAADIA, W. MUZAFFAR, M. SAEED, and B. AHMAD
SUMMARY
Attock-2019 (11AK011) is an elite high-yielding, disease-tolerant, bunch-type (decumbent-2) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)cultivar, developed at the Groundnut Research Station, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. The cultivar resulted from the local crossing between two advanced lines, i.e., 01CG001 and 02CG005. The first cross attempt occurred during the 2005 cropping season at the Groundnut Research Station, Attock, and the selection underwent the pedigree method that continued up to the F6 generation. Attock-2019 underwent evaluation regarding its performance concerning yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to numerous yield trials like preliminary, regular, micro-, and national uniform yield trials, including evaluation at farmer fields and agronomic parameters, during 2012-2018, under the varietal code 11AK011. It out-yielded the check cultivar BARI-2011 in micro-yield trials for two consecutive years in Punjab by producing 19.52% and 17.96% yields higher than the said cultivar. Similarly, at the national level, during the national uniform groundnut yield trials in 2016 and 2017, it surpassed the check cultivars Golden and Pothowar by 30.74% (Golden) and 3.46% (Golden and Pothowar), respectively, in different ecological zones of Pakistan. This genotype is of medium duration, with 20%–25% three-seeded pods per plant. The average number of pods per plant ranged from 85–95. Its shelling percentage is high (70%–72%), with a good 100-seed weight (62-66 g). It also possessed good taste, oil content (40.5%), and protein content (21.6%). The cultivar also showed good performance under drought-stress conditions and tolerance to diseases like the Tikka disease and collar rot of groundnut. Attock-2019 can be sown from 1 April to 15 May under Barani conditions of Punjab, with 30:80:30 NPK kg ha-1 at sowing time and an application of 500 kg ha-1 gypsum at the flowering stage. Attock-2019 gained approval for general cultivation in the Punjab Barani tract during the 2021 in 54th Punjab Seed Council Meeting as the approving authority.
Keywords: Attock-2019, disease resistant, groundnut, high yielder, variegated seed-coat color
Key findings: Attock-2019 is the prime find of the Groundnut Research Station, Attock that proves beneficial for the farming community in the Barani tract of the Punjab Province.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.5
E. SETIAWAN, M. ARDIYANI, M. MIFTAHUDIN, A.D. POULSEN, and T. CHIKMAWATI
SUMMARY
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe is a rare plant in Java, Indonesia, that produces essential oils. Its sustained decline causes great concern for future uses. Therefore, the study of its diversity in its natural habitat to predict future survival needs serious focus. The present study aims to determine the genetic diversity of A. malaccensis in Java based on ISSR markers. The sampling of a total of 11 populationsyielded 33 accessions, whichunderwent amplifying using 12 ISSR primers. Using the molecular data analyzed their relationships, population structure, and genetic diversity. The UPGMA cluster, structure, and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the accessions divide in three groups, a result that correlates with their geography in Java. Group I consisted of var. malaccensis populations, while groups II and III comprised the var. nobilis populations, which proved truer among populations of var. nobilis. The genetic diversity category of A. malaccensis showed moderate based on Nei’s genetic diversity (h = 0.2892) and Shannon’s information index (I = 0.4438). The coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) and molecular variance among the populations displayed higher within the individual population, which revealed a significant genetic variance among the 11 populations of A. malaccensis. The latest results confirm that ISSR markers can help distinguish the genotypes of A. malaccensis.
Keywords: Alpinia, gingers, genetic variation, population structure, molecular marker
Key findings: The results indicate that a genetic variation of A. malaccensis can further serve the species’ conservation, characterization, and usefulness for future breeding purposes. In addition, this data will form the backbone of a taxonomic database.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.4