F.R. HAMED, H.E.M. ISMAIL, M.F. ABO EL-MAATI, and E.M. DESOKY
SUMMARY
The vermicompost and exogenous plant extracts as a foliar application can provide as an alternative means to enhance the growth and yield of leafy vegetable crops under low-fertility soil conditions. The objectives of the recent study sought to characterize the effect of vermicompost tea in combining some natural plant extracts to enhance the growth and yield of the lettuce plant. A study on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) took place during two successive seasons, in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, using foliar spray— vermicompost-tea rates in combination with rosemary leaf extract (RLE) and eucalyptus buds extract (EBE). It sought to determine the effects on growth, yield, and some physiological and biochemical traits of lettuce (cv. ‘Dark Green’) grown on sandy soil with drip irrigation. The experiment employed the split-plot design, with four rates of vermicompost tea (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) as main plots and three plant extract levels (without, RLE, and EBE) as subplots. The vermicompost tea and plant extracts increased the growth characteristics, photochemical activity, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, membrane stability index, excised leaf water retention, vitamins C and E, and total soluble solids in lettuce plants compared with the untreated control plots. The interaction and combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and RLE proved most effective in enhancing the growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce. Therefore, the integrative application of vermicompost tea (20%) with RLE comes highly recommended for growing lettuce in sandy soil conditions.
Keywords: Vermicompost tea, rosemary leaf extract, eucalyptus buds extract, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, total soluble solids
Key findings: The combined application of vermicompost tea (20%) and rosemary leaf extract proved the most effective treatment to enhance growth and yield traits and physio-biochemical properties in lettuce under sandy soil conditions.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.21
B.A.A. AL-YASARI and M.N.H. AL-YASARI
SUMMARY
A field experiment on a local peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar transpired in the spring season of 2021 at the Al-Hussainiya region, Holy Kerbala, Iraq (Latitude: 32.6160; Longitude: 44.0249). The completed study aimed to determine peanut response to weed control, foliar application of nano-zinc, and their interaction in growth, yield, and quality traits. The experiment laid out in a split-plot design with two factors (weed control and nano-zinc foliar application) had three replications. The nano-zinc concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) occupied the main plots, with the weed control treatments kept in sub-plots. Weed control included the control (T0 – no weed control), manual hoeing (T1), and weed control with pre-emergence (pre-em) herbicides, i.e., Trifluralin (T2) and Pendimethalin (T3), and post-emergence (post-em) herbicides, viz., Oxyfluorfen (T4) and Clethodim (T5). The results showed that post-em herbicide Oxyfluorfen gave superior enhancement on the vegetative dry weight, pods per plant, seeds per plant, total pod yield, protein, and zinc in the seeds with increased values of 52.0%, 265.1%, 254.5%, 211.9%, 13.2%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) foliar application led to a significant increase in the above traits with increased rates of 2.5%, 21.2%, 40.6%, 7.4%, 8.2%, and 89.2%, respectively, compared with the control. The interaction between both factors showed significant superiority compared with no weeding and separate application of weed control combined with chemical herbicides and nano-zinc application. The interaction between the post-em weed management (Oxyfluorfen) and nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) application showed highly superior compared with other treatments in the studied traits.
Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L., nano-zinc foliar, manual and chemical weed control, herbicides, trifluralin, pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, clethodim, protein and zinc content, growth and yield traits
Key findings: Peanut traits gained a significant and sustainable improvement in growth, yield, and quality from the post-em (Oxyfluorfen) weed management and nano-zinc (100 mg L-1) foliar application.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.20
S.M.A. ALSHADIWI and S.H.A. ALRUBAIEE
SUMMARY
The progressive study on oat (Avena sativa L.) transpired during the crop season of 2021–2022 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. The study aimed to determine the effects of amino acids foliar application on two oat cultivars. Experimenting with a randomized complete block design included a split-plot arrangement. Two oat cultivars (Shafa and Genzania) grown and placed in secondary plates received seven treatments of three different amino acids (Control – No amino acid, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Tryptophan, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Glycine, and 50 and 100 mg L-1 of L-Lysine). The results revealed that oat cultivars and amino acid treatments differed significantly for most of the studied traits. The amino acid foliar application treatment of LTryptophan at the rate of 50 mg L-1 showed significant superiority, which boosted and provided the highest rate of flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, and green fodder yield. However, the cultivar Shafa exhibited superiority for flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, and the green and dry fodder yield, with increased values of 7.15 cm2, 8.11 µg cm-3, and 8.01% and 5.61% t ha-1, respectively.
Keywords: Oats (Avena sativa L.), amino acids, L-Tryptophan, L-Glycine, L-Lysine, oat growth traits
Key findings: The oat cultivars and amino acid treatments differed significantly for most growth traits. Oat cultivar ‘Shafa’ and foliar application of amino acid L-Tryptophan (50 mg L-1) showed significant superiority for growth traits.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.19
A.A.A. ELNAGAR, E.M. ZEIDAN, A.A. ABDUL-GALIL, and A.A-G. ALI
SUMMARY
Ameliorating peanut production is a requirement to cope with the abrupt climate change and burgeoning population. Seed treatment is vital for enhancing and sustaining peanut production, particularly in semiarid environments. The latest study aimed to evaluate the impact of different seed treatments on the agronomic and quality of three high-yielding peanut cultivars: Giza-6, North Carolina (N.C.), and Aramanch. The applied seed treatments include Rhizobium inoculation, moringa leaf extract, vitavax, and gypsum versus untreated control. The evaluated peanut cultivars significantly varied in their results for agronomic and quality traits. The cultivar Giza-6, followed by Aramanch, proved the best displaying the highest number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, number of branches per plant, shelling percentage, biological yield, pod yield, seed yield, oil yield, and protein yield. The applied seed treatments substantially enhanced peanut yield traits, oil, and protein content of peanuts with the superiority of Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract. These treatments effectively reinforced peanut growth, positively reflected in the yield and quality traits. Subsequently, integrating the seed treatments, particularly Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract, with high-yielding cultivars, such as Giza-6 and Aramanch, confirmed a helpful approach to enhancing and sustaining peanut production in arid environments.
Keywords: yield traits, oil content, crude protein, interaction effect, heatmap, and hierarchical clustering
Key findings: The assessed peanut cultivars exhibited significant differences in all agronomic and quality traits, with Giza-6 and Aramanch proving superior. The applied seed treatments enriched peanut yield traits, oil, and protein content of peanuts, with the superiority of Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, and moringa extract.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.18
N. FATIMA, A. SAEED, A. SHAKEEL, and F.S. AWAN
SUMMARY
Salinity consists of critical abiotic stress adversely affecting tomato growth and development. Given the increase in saline areas, breeders endeavor to develop crops that can tolerate salinity. It indicates the importance of genotypes that can grow in salt-affected soil to cope with the problem. This study focused on identifying salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This study used a two-factor factorial under a complete randomized design, with three replications and three levels (T0 = control, T1 = 6 dS/m, T2 = 12 dS/m) of salt (NaCl) treatment. Data collection ensued at the seedling stage. Data for various morphological and biochemical attributes were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance and PCA to check the variation in germplasm and identification of suitable genotypes. Analysis of variance showed significant results for all attributes indicating the presence of variability in germplasm. Using PCA identified tolerant and non-tolerant tomato genotypes. Based on the results obtained from PCA analysis, genotypes AUT-318, CLN-2498A, 17884, Picendanto, 17260, 17256, 17263, and 17266 showed as salt tolerant, whereas the 19903, 19908, Target-66, H-24, 17255, Nadir, and Peelo displayed as salt-sensitive genotypes. Selected genotypes suit further use for the development of breeding material.
Keywords: Tomato germplasm, salinity, principal component analysis, osmolytes, screening, selection
Key findings: Based on results obtained from the analysis, the genotypes AUT-318, CLN-2498-A, 17884, Picendanto, 17260, 17256, 17263, and 17266 proved salt-tolerant. These selected genotypes suit future use for salt-tolerant varieties and hybrid development.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.17
S.A. ALMUKHTAR
SUMMARY
The study for improving the multiplication and rooting systems of Gardenia jasminoides cv. veitchii ensued in 2020–2021 at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq. The first experiment comprised multiplication, using Benzyl adenine (BA) at the concentrations of 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg L-1 and licorice extract at the concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1. The second experiment involved the rooting system, including cultivation of gardenia, shoots on MS media with different formulations, i.e., MS media with half strength of basal salts, and a) IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1), b) licorice extract concentrations ( 0, 1, 2, 3 g L-1), MS medium with the full strength of basal salts, c) IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1), and d) licorice extract (0.1, 2, 3 g L-1). The results showed the superiority of benzyl adenine (4 mg L-1) in achieving the highest number of shoots per plant, and the concentration of 2 mg L-1 showed superior in giving the maximum shoot length and the number of leaves per plant. The licorice extract (2 g L-1) achieved the highest number of shoots per plant, while the concentration of 3 gm L-1 proved superior in reaching the maximum shoot length and number of leaves per plant. The Indole 3-butyric acid- IBA (1 mg L-1) revealed the highest rooting percentage, root length, and root dry weight, with IBA (2 mg L-1) being the highest root number. Also, licorice extract (3 g L-1) supplemented to the media with half strength of basal salts displayed superior rooting percentage, root length, and root dry weight.
Keywords: plant growth regulators, licorice extract, micropropagation, Gardenia veitchii, in vitro
Key findings: Benzyl adenine – BA (4 mg L-1) produced the maximum number of shoots per plant, and BA at 2 mg L-1 generated the most number of leaves and shoot length. Adding 2 g L-1 of licorice extract yielded the highest number of shoots plant-1, with licorice at the 3 g m L-1 producing more leaves and shoot length. The IBA (1 mg L-1) had the highest rooting percentage, length, and dry weight. In half-strength salt media plus licorice extract at the 3 g L-1 increased the number of roots, root length, and dry weight.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.16
E. YUNIASTUTI, E.R. RAHMAWATI, and SUKAYA
SUMMARY
Pachira aquatica belongs to the Bombacaceae group, the clades in the family Malvaceae. The subfamily contains about 304 species, most with high economic and medicinal values. Considering their importance, some of the plants attained special cultural status. Pachira comes from Central America and South America, introduced and spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia. The diversity of plant morphology can result from environmental factors interacting with genetic features, then expressed as phenotypes. Geographic isolation can prevent gene flow between populations. Geographic separation allows mutations to occur, and natural selection and genetic drift can alter allele frequencies differently in separate populations leading to allopatric speciation. The present study aims to determine the characteristics and chromosomal composition of P. aquatica. This study used the squashing method, often employed to obtain chromosomes by squeezing the preparations. The results showed that the number of chromosomes of pachira was 2n = 66. The chromosome length of pachira ranged from 0.812±0.009 to 1.955±0.009 μm. The chromosome shape of pachira is metacentric. The karyotype arrangement of pachira is 2n = 2× = 29m + 4sm, where 2n equals to 29 pairs of metacentric chromosomes and four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) of the chromosome of pachira scored at 0.19±0.001, with the value of the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) at 0.224±0.021.
Keywords: Pachira (Pachira aquatica), cytogenetic, chromosome, squash method
Key findings: The value of the intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) indicates that the pachira chromosomes revealed mostly metacentric, and the value of the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) indicates that the deviation of chromosome size that occurs in the karyotype was small.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.15
P.V. HIEU
SUMMARY
Polyploidization is commonly known to become a vital process to succeed in developing potential crops. In the plant kingdom, the polyploids, i.e., aneuploidy and polyploidy, are generally developed through sexual and asexual pathways, resulting in totally increasing biomass, phytochemical compounds, and adaptation to detrimental environment. For more precision, thousands of polyploidy plant species adapted to various climatic and topographic conditions through genomic evolution. Autopolyploid, allopolyploid, and aneuploidy, as well as, different levels of ploidy are simply found in vegetables, such as, potatoes, and among fruits, i.e., bananas, watermelon, and so on. Contrastingly, in mammals, polyploidization causes congenital diseases and pregnancy loss, especially in human beings. This review article will first describe polyploidization in plants and then enumerate the advantages of its beneficial effects that are more valuable. The paper also intends to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding. Thus, it has further mentioned the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy in a perspective contribution of minor crops in plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of crop strategies.
Keywords: polyploidization, minor crops, evolution, agriculture, climate change
Key findings: This review sheds light on 1) discussing polyploidization in plants and then mentioning the benefits of its effects that are more valuable; 2) it further proves the perspectives of the polyploid like aneuploidy and polyploidy plant kingdoms and their beneficial and detrimental effects that are also informative to introduce new knowledge on polyploidization in crop breeding, and 3) enumeration of minor crops from polyploidization of wild plant species.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.14
A.A.M. AL-ALWANI and M.A. MOHAMMED
SUMMARY
The latest research aimed to study the effects of plant growth regulators on inducing callus from the chia plant (Salvia hispanica) and stimulating it to produce some medicinal compounds in vitro. The study transpired at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq. The use of Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium containing 2,4-D Auxin (dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) had concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L-1 and cytokinin benzyl adenine (BA) with concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1. The use of their interactions continued to induce a perpetuation of callus. In another experiment, the salicylic acid at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1 stimulated the callus to produce medicinal compounds. The results showed that for induction of callus and its sustainability in the leaves of the chia plant, the best concentration revealed 2,4-D at a rate of 3 mg L-1, which achieved the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage with values of 0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%, respectively. The results also showed that the addition of salicylic acid at the concentration of 10 mg L-1 to the nutrient media stimulated the formation of the active compounds.
Keywords: Chia plant (Salvia hispanica L.), dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzyl adenine, salicylic acid, callus induction, secondary metabolites
Key findings: The MS media with 2,4-D (3.0 mg L-1) revealed the best performance by showing the highest fresh and dry weight and dry matter percentage (0.5151 g, 0.0723 g, and 13.531%) for induced callus compared with other treatments. The results also showed that salicylic acid at 10 mg L1 produced the maximum oleic acid compound content in the induced callus cultures created from the leaves.
Date published: December 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.5.13