Nihad T.A. AL-JANABI, and Mushtaq T.H. AL-ZURFI
SUMMARY
The latest study focused on snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) plants during the fall season of 2021–2022 in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Division, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. The study aimed to determine the response of snapdragon plants to foliar application of arginine (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg L-1). The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and three replications. The arginine (60 mg L-1) foliar spray led to a significant enhancement in the flower and physiological traits, i.e., flower carrier length (19.62 cm), age of the flowering inflorescence (25.01 days), leaf content of carbohydrates (12.75 mg g.-1) and iron (48.93 mg kg-1), and flower content for anthocyanin dye (21.40 mg 100 g-1) compared with the lowest values of the control treatment viz., 13.88 cm, 16.70 days, 11.25 mg g-1, 15.22 mg kg-1, and 9.82 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The nano-iron (90 mg L-1) also significantly improved the flower and physiological traits, i.e., the flower carrier length (18.06 cm), age of the flowering inflorescence (22.75 days), leaf content for carbohydrates (12.16 mg g-1); iron (38.08 mg kg-1), and flower content for anthocyanin dye (16.72 mg 100 g-1) compared with the control, i.e., 15.79 cm, 20.02 days, 11.71 mg g-1, 29.61 mg kg-1, and 13.05 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The interaction of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1) provided a positive effect of their individual application for flower and physiological traits (22.55 cm, 27.93 days, 12.93 mg g-1, 50.04 mg kg-1 ,and 23.06 mg100 g-1) compared with the control (12.84 cm, 15.43 days, 10.84 mg g-1, 13.0 mg kg-1 ,and5.13 mg 100 g-1), respectively.
Keywords: Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), arginine, nano-iron
Key findings: The single and dual interaction foliar application of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1) significantly improved the flower and physiological traits of snapdragon (A. majus L.) plants, followed by the individual application of arginine (60 mg L-1) and nano-iron (90 mg L-1).
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.23
A.J. MOHAMMED and Ali.S.A. AL-JANABI
Citrus production faces many problems; a major one consists of irrigating citrus seedlings grown at Agricultural Research Stations and various nurseries with saline well water, which determines the growth, reproduction, and spread of citrus in Iraq. The said problem needs addressing to reduce its effects on the growth and reproduction of citrus fruits. Therefore, the latest research aimed to determine the effects of regular liquefied water and saline well water, in addition to a foliar spray of aspartic and ascorbic acids, on the growth and physiological properties of the grafted orange seedlings. The local citrus seedlings of the same age and size were selected and used as the original and grafted with local orange buds. They were shifted and tested for the above three factors at the Horticulture and Forestry Division, Najaf Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. The findings showed that irrigation with regular liquefied water had improved the growth traits, i.e., plant height, leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, and dry biomass weight of sweet orange seedlings, compared with saline well water. Results further revealed that foliar application of aspartic acid (100 mg L-1) positively affected the leaves plant-1 and dry biomass weight compared with the control. The ascorbic acid (4000 mg L-1) application gave highly superior and well-responsive reactions for most of the traits, i.e., leaves plant-1 (69.3 leaves plant-1), leaf area plant-1 (3888 cm2), dry biomass weight (0.3629 g), and total chlorophyll content (7.03 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) in orange seedlings.
Keywords: Sweet orange transplants, aspartic, ascorbic acids, water quality
Key findings: Salinity impacts agriculture and crop plants must be induced for salt tolerance and sustained economic output. Antioxidants, such as, aspartic acid and ascorbic acid have auxinic action and also have a synergistic effect on plant growth and salinity tolerance.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.22
A.I. POPOV, V.N. ZELENKOV , M.V. MARKOV, O.T. ZHILKIBAYEV, O.V. ROMANOV, E.V. SAZANOVA, G.D. KHOLOSTOV, K.I. TSIVKA, E.P. SHALUNOVA, J.V. SIMONOVA, and SONG GE
SUMMARY
The latest research proposed a new point of view about the material composition of so-called ‘humic substances,’ isolated from natural objects (soils, peats, sapropels, and composts) by alkaline solutions, and presented the conceptual model of direct influence of ‘humic substances’ on biochemical and biophysical processes into plants. ‘Humic substances’ are essentially black liquor, i.e., a product artificially obtained because of the alkaline hydrolysis of organic material from natural objects. Black liquor consists of a complex mixture of a variety of organic compounds. According to the proposed model, the biological activity of black liquor connects with accelerating the circulation of nutrients within plants, increasing the permeability of cell membranes, exhibiting de-toxicological properties, optimizing the ratio of organic and mineral anions in plants, and using some HS components as organic nutrients, inducing gene expression. Therefore, humic substances solutions have multifaceted effects on green vascular plants due to their direct influence on biochemical and biophysical processes.
Keywords: Humic substances, black liquor, alkaline hydrolysis, higher green plants, plant production process, colloidal systems of natural polymers, organo-mineral compounds, plant organic nutrients
Key findings: ‘Humic substances’ are the same as black liquor, artificially produced from the alkaline hydrolysis of organic material from natural objects. Black liquor composes a complex mixture of a variety of organic compounds. Hence, ‘humic substances’ solutions exhibit multifaceted effects on green vascular plants due to their direct influence on biochemical and biophysical processes.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.21
E.M. GINS, S.M. MOTYLEVA, V.K. GINS, I.M. KULIKOV, and M.S. GINS
SUMMARY
The recent study aimed to investigate the composition of monosaccharides and their derivatives in the leaves of vegetable species Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. ‘Valentina’ of different ages, as well as, their vital role in enhancing the adaptive potential of the plant. Forty-eight monosaccharides and 28 of their derivatives have been identified in the composition of amaranth leaves of different ages. The maximum number of hydrophilic carbohydrate metabolites clustered in the young leaf. However, in older leaves, the number of water soluble metabolites showed similarities to that of the soluble in ethyl alcohol. Along with the general carbohydrate metabolites, the old leaves also contained specific monosaccharides, such as, lixopyranose, glucose, sorbose, mannobiose, cellobiose, and monosaccharide derivatives, i.e., methyl galactoside, glucopyranosiduronic and glucuronic acids, and alcohol erythritol. However, in Amaranthus tricolor L., the young leaf is characterized by arabinofuranose and carbohydrate derivatives, i.e., alpha-ketogluconic, arabinohexane, glucaric, galactaric, xylonic-D, lactone acids, and alcohol pentatriol. The leaves of different ages’ composition showed polyhydric alcohols (glycerin, ribitol, and myo-inositol). It also showed osmoprotective and antioxidant properties.
Keywords: Amaranthus tricolor L., cv. ‘Valentina,’ mono- and disaccharides and their derivatives, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), antioxidants
Key findings: The gathered results show that the metabolism of Amaranthus tricolor L. leaves in different ages included general and specific monosaccharides. Their derivatives also exhibit antioxidant and osmoprotective properties.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.20
T. HUSSAIN, Z. AKRAM, G. SHABBIR, A. MANAF, G. RABBANI, J. IQBAL, U. JAVED, R. AHMAD and J. AKHTAR
SUMMARY
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is negatively affected by drought stress at all the growth stages, including germination and seedling emergence. The recent study aimed to investigate the drought-tolerant Kabuli chickpea genotypes at the seedling stage under osmotic stress conditions. An in vitro screening technique evaluated the 120 different genotypes of Kabuli chickpea for drought tolerance by using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (8000) solution, viz., T0: Control, T1: -0.19 MPa, and T2: -0.47 MPa, arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were recorded on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling length, root/shoot ratio, dry matter, seedling vigor index, and proline content. The results of a pooled analysis of variance revealed significant variability among genotypes, different polyethylene glycol treatments, as well as, between genotypes and treatments. The increase of polyethylene glycol levels negatively affected most of the parameters under study, except for proline content, which increased with an increase in polyethylene glycol concentration. The study results indicated that the advanced lines, 15KCC-106, 13KCC-114, 6KCC-103, GP-37, FS-10, and 12KCC-106, performed better under different osmotic stress conditions and gained selection as drought-tolerant advanced lines at early seedling stage. These advanced lines suitably combine with their desirable traits to cope with the drought condition and can serve as a baseline for the improvement of Kabuli chickpea breeding material for drought tolerance.
Keywords: Kabuli chickpea,drought tolerance, polyethylene glycol, proline
Key Findings: The breeding lines, 15KCC-106, 13KCC-114, 6KCC-103, GP-37, FS-10, and 12KCC-106 were identified as drought tolerant at the seedling stage and will be used in future breeding programs for the development of drought-tolerant Kabuli chickpea genotypes.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.19
T.H. TAMRAZOV
SUMMARY
The present research discusses the dynamics of changes in the surface of assimilation organs of different durum and bread wheat genotypes differing in the maturation period due to drought conditions. Under drought conditions, the soil water potential decreases, and in the later stages of the plants, the turgor pressure decreases, the stomata close, and a sharp decrease in photosynthetic activities. The situation creates stress in the crop plant, and various biochemical, physiological, and molecular reactions arise to overcome and protect itself from stress, allowing the plant to develop resistant mechanisms to adapt to the external environment. The existent research aimed to determine drought effects on assimilating surface areas and productivity traits of durum and bread wheat genotypes differing in their maturation periods grown under various climatic and soil conditions, with the comparison of the physiological indices. The experiments proceeded on wheat genotypes with contrasting maturation periods (early, medium, and late) during 2021–2022 at the Research Institute of Crop Husbandry, Absheron, Azerbaijan. The assimilating surface area of various organs underwent comparative studies in two durum (Garagylchyg-2 and Alinja-84) and two bread wheat (Nurlu-99 and Gobustan) cultivars under normal water supply and drought conditions. Post anthesis water stress caused a 34% and 27% reduction in grain yield and 1000-grain weight, respectively, while no significant effect on the grains per spike and spikes per m2. The averages of grain yield and 1000-grain weight of different wheat cultivars in the controlled condition showed 696±36g/m2 and 43.1±0.8 g/m2, respectively, while under water-stress conditions, these values significantly decreased to 452±57 g/m2 and 31.6±1.4 g. The significant reduction in grain yield due to post-anthesis water stress might be due to a reduction in photo-assimilates production.
Keywords: wheat genotypes, the drought factor, duration of ripening, assimilation area
Key findings: Resistant cultivars’ determination resulted from the effect of drought on productivity indicators against the background of changes in the main physiological characteristics of durum and bread wheat genotypes that differ in terms of maturity.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.18
S.A. ELSHAHAWY, S.A. NOMIER, F.S. MOHSEN, M.M. GAD, and R.A. KELANI
SUMMARY
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is Egypt’s third major fruit crop. The latest study aimed to evaluate 11 foreign mango cultivars Kent, Palmar, Yasmina Rose, Shelly, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Glenn, Sensation, Kensington Pride, Heidi, and Joa, in two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019, under Egyptian environmental conditions. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications to analyze the mango cultivars for floral aspects, fruit yield, its components, and fruit quality characteristics. Results indicated that cultivars Sensation and Yasmina Rose produced the highest fruit yield per tree. Cultivars Osten, Yasmina Rose, and Kent gained the maximum fruit weight. The study noted the uppermost value of fruit retention (%) for cultivars Palmar, Osten, and Joa. As for the initial fruit set, the highest value appeared in cultivars Heidi and Yasmina Rose, while cultivars Heidi and Kensington Pride revealed the highest value of fruit pulp firmness at the early stage of ripening in July. The Shelly cultivar recorded the highest percentage of pulp per fruit, while the lowest fruit fibers and total acidity percentage came from the Glenn cultivar. The fruits of Nam Doc Mai cultivar contained the highest total soluble solids and total sugar percentages, whereas fruits of the Heidi cultivar contained the highest value of vitamin C. Cultivars noted with the alternate bearing habit consisted of Kensington Pride, Palmer, and Shelly, while all other cultivars exhibited regular bearing. Mango cultivars Glenn, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Kensington Pride, Shelly, Joa, Yasmina Rose, Sensation, Kent, Palmer, and Heidi (first mentioned, most recommended in descending order) received high recommendations for successful cultivation under the Egyptian environmental conditions based on relatively better fruit setting and quality.
Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica L.), cultivars, evaluation, flowers, fruit yield, retention, fruit quality, fruit fibers and acidity
Key findings: The 11 mango cultivars exhibited varied differences in their characteristics. Reasons for these variations can be mainly due to their varied genetic makeup, as well as, the interaction between mango genotypes and the environment.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.17
S.V. REZVYAKOVA, A.V. TARAKIN, N.I. BOTUZ, and E.V. MITINA
SUMMARY
This study comprises the selection of winter-hardy to highly winter-hardy pear (Pyrus CommunisL.) hybrid seedlings procured from various genetic origins. The development of pear hybrids resulted from intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. The simulation of the most damaging factors in the artificial climate chamber ensued according to the second and third components of winter hardiness – maximum frost resistance in a hardened state and stability of resistance to frost during the thaw. Critical temperatures affected the same seedlings, successively applying the specified modes, i.e., hardening at -10°C, freezing at -37°C (12 h), hardening at -10°C, thaw at +2°C (5 days), and freezing at -25°C (12 h). Combining genetically related variants to the highly winter-resistant cultivar, Phorun established the high breeding value for the yield of hybrid seedlings resistant to frost on the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness. Thus, in the family 17-43-30 (Phorun – free pollination) × Shihan, 5.0% of transgressive genotypes came up, which withstood the given modes without damage to the buds and central tissues, showing 48.3% of highly winter-resistant forms. In a hybrid combination of 24-45-45 (Phorun × Olivier de Serre) × (Gervais + Olivier de Serre + Dekanka Zimnyaya), 33.3% of seedlings with frost resistance at the level of the highly winter-resistant control cultivar Tonkovetka attained selection. Remote hybridization opens up new opportunities in the pears’ selection for frost resistance. In total, and as a result of distant hybridization, 5.47% of the genotypes (with frost resistance for the 2 + 3 components of winter hardiness above Tonkovetka), 18.24% (at the level of Tonkovetka with freezing to 1.0 point), and 20.73% types (at the level of winter-resistant control cultivar Bessemyanka with freezing to 2.0 points) gained distinction.
Keywords: Pear, breeding, hybrid seedlings, frost resistance, winter hardiness components
Key findings: A comparative assessment was done on the winter hardiness of pear (Pyrus Communis L.) cultivars and their hybrids obtained through intraspecific, interspecific, and distant hybridization. New donors of winter hardiness and their hybrids received identification. Pear populations with highly winter-hardy traits gained selection from the genotypes of different genetic origins, i.e., Pyrus communis, P. ussuriensis, and P. bretschneideri.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.16
V.N. GUSEV, SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, A.E. KHIDIROV, E.K. ZHUSUPBEKOV, and L.K. TABYNBAYEVA
SUMMARY
South and Southeast Kazakhstan underwent soil nitrogen forecasting and diagnosing for nutrition to establish the requirement of nitrogen fertilizers for field crops. The study established the possible use of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen as an indicator to provide field crops with available soil nitrogen. Managing the soil organic matter more accurately as the main source of nitrogen helps determine the spatial and temporal variability of its content in each specific field and to use a narrower (oriented to the prevailing soil types) scale of humus availability. The recent studies began in several stages, during 2014–2016, 2015–2017, and 2020–2021, on the irrigated light chestnut calcareous medium loamy non-saline and non-alkaline soil formed at the foothill loess plain of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan. The nitrogen content of nitrates varied significantly over the years of research. In the control variants (without fertilizers), the recording of the minimum content of N-NO3 took place in 2016 compared with 2014 and 2015. In two consecutive years (2020–2021), 2,816 ha of arable land underwent testing in Almaty, Zhambyl, and Zhetysu regions, Kazakhstan. A total collection of 1,015 soil samples went through analysis, revealing a close correlation between the content of humus and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in the upper soil layer of 0-30 cm. The hydrothermal conditions from a long multi-factorial field experiment data largely affected the intensity of mineralization and immobilization processes of the available nitrogen compounds. The rational use of nitrogen fertilizers makes it possible to increase the field crop yield with good quality and enhance the payback of applied fertilizers, maintaining and improving soil fertility.
Keywords: Light chestnut soil, humus, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, the need for nitrogen fertilizers, the planned harvest
Key findings: Rational use of nitrogen fertilizers and the determination of spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen fertilizer consumption fully control the state of provision of plants.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.15
S.K. SUDIRGA, I.M.S. WIJAYA, and A.A.K. DARMADI
SUMMARY
Anthracnose forms a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of crop plants in warm and humid areas. Anthracnose causes the wilting, withering, and dying of tissues of plants, commonly infecting the developing shoots, leaves, and fruits. It critically affects the quality and production of Carica papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia. The pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose fungal disease. Research on morphology and molecular identification of pathogenic fungi is very important to determine the type of pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in the papaya fruit. The latest study aims to identify the pathogen that caused anthracnose on papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia, carried out during July – December 2021 at the Belok Village, District of Petang, Badung Regency, and in Laboratory of Biochemistry, Udayana University, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. The study used Koch’s postulates to confirm the pathogenicity and continued with macro- and micro-morphological characterization. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characterization, the pathogen has shown similar traits to the genus Colletotrichum. Molecular identification took place using the ITS sequences to increase data robustness. Based on the molecular analysis, the DNA sequences of the genus Colletotrichum isolated from papaya fruits showed the symptoms of anthracnose disease. Based on the latest findings, the pathogen causing anthracnose disease in Carica papaya fruits showed as the species Colletotrichum magnum in Bali, Indonesia.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Colletotrichum magnum, anthracnose, molecular identification
Key findings: The latest study identified the pathogenic fungi (species Colletotrichum magnum) causing anthracnose disease on Carica papaya fruits through morphological and molecular approaches.
Date published: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.14