SUMMARY
Rice is not just a staple food; but it is at the center of culture, politics, and economy of Bangladesh. The determinants affecting the adoption of modern rice cultivars and their adaptability in the Aman season (June to November) at the Faridpur region in Bangladesh were discussed. A total of 500 farmers from five different districts such as, Faridpur, Madaripur, Shariatpur, Rajbari, and Gopalganj through multistage sampling technique participated in the survey. Before the survey, 15 farmers were selected for the cultivation of eight modern T. Aman rice cultivars in their fields during three consecutive years 2018 to 2020 in the mentioned five districts of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used to identify the determinants associated with the adoption of modern rice cultivars by replacing the popular old ones. Results revealed that beyond preferences, some other determinants (age, education, risk aversion, land size, yield, and perception of modern rice cultivars and their seed availability) directed the decision to adopt or not. Considering the average grain yield of the tested rice cultivars, the genotypes BRRI dhan72 (G-6) and BRRI dhan87 (G 8) were the high yielding cultivars for the above five districts. Despite having a comparatively low yield, the cultivars BRRI dhan71 (G-4) and BRRI dhan49 (G-3) were more stable compared to other cultivars in the Faridpur region of Bangladesh.
Keywords: Adoption, adaptability, heritability, GGE, Aman rice
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.9
SUMMARY
The biochemical compounds of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits cultivated with conventional growing technology and on a nutrient substrate were studied during 20192020 at the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow, Russia. The antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and ash constituents of the fruits and the metabolites of the alcoholic extract of the raspberries were determined. The effect of growing technologies, i.e., conventional vs. nutrient substrate, on the accumulation of macro- and microelements in raspberry fruits was established. In red raspberries grown on nutrient substrate, the antioxidant activity decreased by 25 times (aqueous extract) and 1.5 times (alcoholic extract). The K and Na contents and Se contents of red raspberries grown on nutrient substrate were 1.5 and 3 times higher than those of raspberries of grown with conventional technology. Raspberries grown with conventional technology contained 2 times more Ca, Ni, and Mn and 7.4 times more Fe than raspberries grown on nutrient substrate. The total amount of elements in raspberries grown through soilless cultivation was 5.5% higher than that in berries grown conventionally. A total of 48 compounds were identified in the alcoholic extracts, and only 29 substances were found in berries grown on a nutrient substrate. Sugar and citric acid constituted the largest share of red raspberry components. Fructose and turanose disaccharide synthesis in raspberries grown on nutrient substrate was 20% higher than that in conventionally grown raspberries. A total of 48 organic compounds with different biological activities were identified. They included five substances with antimicrobial activity, three phenolic substances, eight organic acids, four sugar acids, nine amino acids, and 19 sugars and their derivatives. At the same time, 42 compounds were found in raspberries grown with traditional technology, and 21 compounds were identified in raspberry fruits grown on nutrient substrate. Three fatty acids, namely, ɑ-linoleic acid (polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid), palmitic acid, and stearic acid (saturated fatty acid), along with cinnamic acid, shikimic acid, and chrysin were found in berries grown conventionally.
Keywords: Rubus idaeus L., conventional growing, nutrient substrate, nutrients, antioxidant activity, ash constituents of fruits, metabolites, bioactive compounds
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.8
SUMMARY
Iron toxicity has become a serious issue affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in many irrigated lowland areas. The selection of Fe2+-tolerant rice cultivars under iron toxicity conditions and the identification of molecular markers are good approaches to obtaining tangible results. This study aimed to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that were associated with iron tolerance traits in a rice backcross population. A total of 117 seedlings from the backcross (BC3F2) of ‘OM6830’/‘AS996’//‘AS996’ were phenotyped at the 4-week-seedling stage at Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The rice population was screened in Yoshida nutrient medium supplemented with FeCl2 at a concentration of 150 mg L−1 under greenhouse conditions. Phenotypic analysis was conducted by scoring two parameters, namely, root length and leaf bronzing. Genotypic analysis was carried out on the BC3F2 population by using four markers, i.e., RM6, RM240, RM252, and RM451, for association analysis with iron tolerance. A total of 23 BC3F2 lines were selected on the basis of their higher tolerance (score 1) for Fe2+ compared with the tolerant parental line ‘AS996’. The markers RM6 and RM240 were highly polymorphic and identified different Fe2+-tolerant lines in the BC3F2 population. Among the BC3F3 progeny derived from the selected 23 BC3F2 lines, BC3F3-7 was identified as the most Fe2+-tolerant line. BC3F3-15 was also found to be Fe2+ tolerant. Both lines showed good development capability and provided high yields under stress conditions. These tolerant BC3F3 lines could be further screened with additional SSR markers in future breeding programs aiming to increase rice production in iron-contaminated areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
Keywords: Backcrosses, iron toxicity, phenotypic and genotypic traits, screening, SSR markers, genetic analysis, Oryza sativa L.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.7
Sukma D, Elina J, Raynalta E, Aisyah SI, Aziz SA, Sudarsono, Chan MT
SUMMARY
The Pto gene is a plant gene that has been reported to be involved in resistance to bacterial pathogens. A partial genomic sequence corresponding to Pto (~449 bp) was isolated from 16 species and four hybrids of Phalaenopsis during 2017 at the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. Multiple sequence analysis was performed to find putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and design the corresponding single nucleotide-amplified polymorphism (SNAP) markers, which were in turn used to estimate the genetic diversity of 25 Phalaenopsis species. In total, 20 SNPs, of which 14 were nonsynonymous, were identified from the partial Pto sequences. Eighteen SNAP primers were then developed based on these 14 nonsynonymous and four synonymous SNPs. Validation results showed that 15 SNAP primers showed a polymorphism information content exceeding 0.3, suggesting the existence of more than two alleles for this locus. Upon their use, the SNAP markers described 86% of all interspecies variability. The Pto 52, Pto 349, Pto 229, and Pto 380 SNAP markers were very informative in the determination of genetic diversity. Notably, the existence of these nonsynonymous SNPs implied the possibility of functional changes within the amino acid sequence of the putative PTO protein. Thus, the resulting differences in the activity of the PTO protein may be used to breed tolerance to pathogen infection. Further work may be required to establish a functional link between tolerance to pathogens and the presence of Pto-SNAP markers in Phalaenopsis properly.
Keywords: Phalaenopsis, moth orchid, diversity, single nucleotide polymorphism, Pto, bacterial resistance
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.6
SUMMARY
Understanding genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is important for crop improvement because it aids in the recommendation of cultivars and the identification of appropriate production environments. The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of GEI for the grain yield of wheat grown under rain-fed conditions in Zambia by using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The study was conducted in 2015/16 at Mutanda Research Station, Mt. Makulu Research Station and Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) in Chibombo. During2016/17, the experiment was performed at Mpongwe, Mt. Makulu Research Station and GART Chibombo, Zambia. Fifty-five rain-fed wheat genotypes were evaluated for grain yield in a 5 × 11 alpha lattice design with two replications. Results revealed the presence of significant variation in yield across genotypes, environments, and GEI indicating the differential performance of genotypes across environments. The variance due to the effect of environments was higher than the variances due to genotypes and GEI. The variances ascribed to environments, genotypes, and GEI accounted for 45.79%, 12.96%, and 22.56% of the total variation, respectively. These results indicated that in rain-fed wheat genotypes under study, grain yield was more controlled by the environment than by genetics. AMMI biplot analysis demonstrated that E2 was the main contributor to the GEI given that it was located farthest from the origin. Furthermore, E2 was unstable yet recorded the highest yield. Genotype G47 contributed highly to the GEI sum of squares considering that it was also located far from the origin. Genotypes G12 and G18 were relatively stable because they were situated close to the origin. Their position indicated that they had minimal interaction with the environment. Genotype 47 was the highest-yielding genotype but was unstable, whereas G34 was the lowest-yielding genotype and was unstable.
Keywords: Genotype–environment interaction, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis, genetics, stability, Triticum aestivum L.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.5
SUMMARY
Submergence stress due to unpredictable soil flooding is one of the mainconstraints encountered in rainfed growing areas, especially in Southern Sumatran riparian swamps. The development of submergence-stress-tolerant cultivars through the introgression of Sub1 via marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is an ideal solution. This study was carried out during 2020 at Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia, with the aim to select Sub1-introgressed lines in BC3F1 generations on the basis of MABC and to screen out the SSR markers that were unlinked to the target gene for application in subsequent background selection studies. Results revealed that almost all the backcrossed progenies segregated from the rice parental cultivars ‘FR13A’ and ‘Pegagan’. The backcrossed lines showed significantly improved submergence stress tolerance and recovery rates compared with their parents. Sub1 introgression into the BC3F1 generation was confirmed by the tightly linked Sub1 marker SUB1C173, and marker RM23915 was used for recombinant selection. These markers followed the expected marker segregation ratio in accordance with the Mendelian single gene model. In the parental polymorphism survey, 84 out of 237 SSR markers that were unlinked to the target loci were found to be available for background study. Twenty-seven backcrossed lines were selected on the basis of foreground selection. Seven plants were selected on the basis of the recombinant marker RM23915. Five backcrossed lines were further selected on the basis of submergence stress tolerance and agronomic performance.
Keywords: Backcrossing, SSR markers, Sub1 gene, submergence tolerance, Oryza sativa L.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.3
SUMMARY
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops and the fourth most important edible crop after the three major cereal crops. It is considered as an approximately complete diet food because of its nutritional value. Its center of origin is Peru, South America. In Punjab, Pakistan, the districts of Sahiwal and Okara serve as the core areas of potato cultivation. Thirty-three potato genotypes were collected from the core areas of Punjab for characterization. The genetic diversity of potato germplasm was assessed on the basis of morphophysiological traits. This experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design and three replications. The data on 14 morphological and physiological traits were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated the presence of highly significant variation for each physiological and morphological trait. Correlation analysis showed that plant yield was highly correlated with the number of tubers per plant (0.484), tuber weight (0.648), and chlorophyll contents (0.365). By contrast, tuber dry matter exhibited a significant highly negative association with tuber moisture content (−0.753). Algorithmic hierarchical cluster analysis allocated the genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster 2, which was the largest cluster, comprised 18 genotypes. By contrast, cluster 4 was the smallest cluster and contained only two genotypes. The results of diversity analysis obtained through hierarchical clustering were further validated through principal component analysis (PCA). PCA provided five significant principal components that contributed 72.39% of the total variation. The principal components of the biplot explained 41.95% of the total variation, with tuber moisture content and tuber dry matter as distinct traits. Cultivars ‘SH5’, ‘SH 7-18’, ‘Simply Red,’ and ‘Ruby’ were the vertex genotypes in the biplot. Results indicated the prevalence of significant variation in the tested germplasm. Furthermore, the assessment of diversity at the molecular level is recommended for the further validation of genetic diversity.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, Punjab, morphophysiological traits, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, Solanum tuberosum L.
Nemtinov VI, Kostanchuk YN, Pashtetskiy VS, Motyleva SM, Bokhan AI, Caruso G, Katskaya AG, Timasheva LA, Pekhova OA
SUMMARY
Allium cepa L. genotypes with different ecogeographical origins revealed the highest nutritional values when grown in Crimea, Russia. However, their environmental adaptation should be further investigated. This research was performed during 2016–17 to evaluate the qualitative, antioxidant, and mineral composition characteristics of 15 onion genotypes, of which four originated from the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Agriculture, Crimea, Russia. Sweet onion genotypes exhibited high ascorbic acid contents of 11.8–27.3 mg/100 g. However, some genotypes had a narrow range of ascorbic acid content (11.8–21.1 mg/100 g) due to their different ecogeographical origins and proved to be appropriate for industrial processing because of their spicy taste. Intensely colored bulbs had a high content of polyphenols (anthocyanins), which are known to have a positive influence on human health. Electronic microscopic assays revealed the morphological characteristics of A. cepa L. genotype leaves and demonstrated the differences in epidermal structure and adaptability potential. The 12 main mineral macro- and microelements with the highest contents in onion leaves were analyzed. The hyperaccumulator genotype with the highest leaf macro- and microelement content could be used to address mineral element deficiencies in humans. In onion genotype leaves, the contents of the mineral elements followed the order of Zn > Fe > Si > Na > Р > Cl > Mo > Mg > S > Ca > Cu > K. The biochemical analysis of 13 onion cultivars showed that the majority exceeded the standard values of dry matter and sugars (mono- and disaccharides) by 13% and 46%, 11% and 48%, and 36% and 150%. In onion genotypes, leaf surface microstructure was specific, and the largest stomata corresponded to the most productive cultivars.
Date Published: December 2021
Keywords: Onion, bulb (Allium cepa L.), ascorbic acid, leaves, electronic microscopy scanning, energy dispersion X-ray analysis, mineral elements
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.1
M.M.M. ATTA, R.M. ABD-EL-SALAM, H.M. ABDEL-LATTIF, and M.A. GARANG
SUMMARY
The use of silicon is an option for reducing the adverse effects of water deficit conditions. The recent study took place at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (30°02′ N and 31°13′ E, with an altitude of 30 m) in two seasons of 2019 and 2020. The study’s chief objective aimed to investigate the effect of water deficit at flowering on maize and its relation to silicon spraying. The study included two water treatments: non-stress (NS) and water stress (WS); three silicon treatments: (0, 3, and 6 mM L-1); and five single-cross hybrids. A split-split plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement proceeded with three replications. Water deficit caused a significant reduction in grain yield ha-1 by 7.41%. Yield reduction resulted from substantial reductions in kernels row-1 (8.52%), 100-kernel weight (7.16%), carbohydrate % (4.79%), and carbohydrate yield ha-1 (11.88%). Silicon treatments caused notable increases in carbohydrate % by 0.57% and 0.71% and oil % by 7.69% and 19.49% due to the concentrations of 3 and 6 mM L-1 of sodium silicate, respectively. In addition, significant increases in kernels row-1 (3.01%), 100-kernel weight (3.12%), and oil yield ha-1 (18.12%) occurred under the concentration of 6 mM L-1. The most interesting observation in the study showed the noteworthy increase in oil yield/ha for all studied hybrids, ranging from 13.33% (SC-3444) to 29.41% (SC-3433). It resulted from the application of the concentration of 6 mM L-1. The hybrids SC-30N11, SC-3433, and SC-3444 proved the best hybrids, displaying tolerance to water.
Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), water stress, silicon, yield, carbohydrate, protein, oil, stress-tolerance index
Key findings: The water deficit condition at the flowering stage caused a significant reduction in yield and its components in maize. The silicon treatment 6 mM L-1 concentration notably enhanced the grain and oil yields and carbohydrates.
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.25
S.K. AL-TAMIMI and A.N. FARHOOD
SUMMARY
A study on the effects of phosphate fertilization and nano-magnesium application on several genes that control alkaloid synthesis, growth, and yield traits in Datura (Datura stramonium L.) underwent a field experiment in 2021 at the College of Agriculture, the University of Kerbala, Iraq. Using a randomized complete block design, the experiment had two factors with three replications. The first factor used phosphate (P) fertilizer, i.e., 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg P ha-1, while the second factor included a nano-magnesium application by spraying with concentrations of 0, 60, 120, and 180 mg Mg L-1. The results showed that adding 50 and 75 kg P ha-1 caused a decline in the concentration of atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine in Datura leaves (22.77, 81.02, and 68.90 mg g-1) and seeds (40.93, 65.69 and 99.79 mg g-1), respectively. Sequentially, 25 and 50 kg P ha-1 generated the most yields of alkaloids in Datura leaves, with an average of 149.10 and 149.12 kg P ha-1. Nano-magnesium application at the concentration of 180 mg Mg L-1 caused a significant decrease in the concentration of atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine in seeds and leaves, i.e., with average values in leaves (29.50, 90.25, and 71.25 mg g-1) and seeds (46.25, 82.49 and 121.320 mg g-1), respectively. However, nano-magnesium concentrations of 0 and 120 mg Mg L-1 gave the highest yield of alkaloids in the leaves, with average values of 152.30 and 152.81 kg ha-1. The nano-magnesium concentration of 120 mg Mg L-1 contributed the largest yield of alkaloids in seeds, with an average of 78.65 kg ha-1. The results also showed phosphorus addition significantly decreased the PMT, TR1, and H6H gene expressions, whereas nano-magnesium application only reduced the H6H gene expression. High quantities of fertilizers phosphorus and nano-magnesium boost Datura’s vegetative growth and production but lowered the alkaloid yield, thus recommending a balanced proportion.
Keywords: Datura stramonium L., genes PMT, TR1, H6H, gene expression, growth and yield traits, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Key findings: Spraying nano-magnesium achieved the highest yield of alkaloids from seeds at a low concentration (60 mg Mg L-1), whereas the alkaloids yielded the most from the leaves of Datura (D. stramonium L.) when no spraying of nano-magnesium occurred and when sprayed with concentrations of 0 and 120 mg Mg L-1. The best yield of alkaloids from Datura leaves or seeds resulted at low levels of phosphorus (25 kg P ha-1).
Date of publication: October 2022
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.24