T.V. ZUBKOVA, D.V. VINOGRADOV and O.A. DUBROVINA
SUMMARY
The study aimed to assess the effect of a natural mineral fertilizer – zeolite on the micromorphological and biochemical characteristics of the spring rapeseed Brassica napus L. cv. “Rif”). Experiments were held at the Federal Research Center for Breeding, Agro-technics and Nursery Horticulture, Moscow, and Agro-industrial Institute, Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russia from 2018 to 2020. The study scheme comprises four treatments as follows: a. control (no fertilizer), b. NPK @ 60-60-60 kg ha-1, c. Zeolite 5 t ha-1, and d. NPK @ 60-60-60 kg ha-1 + Zeolite 5 t ha-1. Results revealed that the maximum number of stomata was observed in the rapeseed crop treated with natural and mineral fertilizer – zeolite. On average, there were 537 pcs/mm2 on the adaxial surface, and 480 pcs/mm2 on the abaxial leaf surfaces. The mineral fertilizer application only, and in combination with a natural ameliorant, contributed an increase in photosynthetic pigments, which was about 22% more relative to the control. To determine the content of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Ni) according to the phases of spring rapeseed development, the trace elements were decreased by the harvesting phase. The only exception was Co, where content was increased by the time of rapeseed ripening. The accumulation of the studied trace elements in spring rapeseed plants at maturity can be represented by the following decreasing series, Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Co. The correlation coefficients also revealed that there was a strong relationship among all the studied elements. A high correlation (r = 0.95) was found between the seed yield and the magnitude of the photosynthetic pigments.
Keywords: Spring rapeseed, natural mineral fertilizer (zeolite), micromorphology, mineral composition, photosynthetic pigments, seed yield
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.14
S.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, L.K. TABYNBAYEVA, R.S. YERZHEBAYEVA, K. KONUSBEKOV, A.M. ABEKOVA and M.B. BEKBATYRO
SUMMARY
The use of suitable technologies helps crop cultivation under unfavorable and extreme weather conditions obtain the optimum yield by influencing irrigation, fertilization, sowing time, and crop density. The study aimed to determine the impact of adaptive technologies on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivation at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. The phenological observations on basic phases of sugar beet growth and development, and plant density were done according to the generally accepted methods. Moreover, the photosynthetic activity of crop productivity was studied through the accumulation of raw and dry biomass (weight method), area determination of the assimilation apparatus (die-cutting method), and the advent of photosynthetic active radiation. The influence of meteorological conditions was particularly noted on plots with moisture deficit. Maintaining such pre-irrigation soil moisture at 60% of LMC (Least Moisture Capacity) requires less watering with large irrigation rates (1020-1260 m3 ha-1 ) with inter-irrigation periods of 30–37 days. In 2016, three irrigations with the rate of 1220-1260 m3 ha-1 were done. Maximum water consumption occurs from the end of July to the beginning of August. Consumption of spring reserves for soil moisture was 8%-10% higher at late harvesting than at early harvesting. During the crop season with high rainfall distributed uniformly over the vegetation period, spring soil moisture reserves consumption increased and their share in total water consumption increased 12% up to 20%, whereas, during dry seasons it decreased 6% up to 14%. The study noted that for producing the sugar beet yields ranging from 22.6 to 65.2 t ha-1, the NPK should be applied at the rate of nitrogen (32 – 215 kg ha-1), phosphorus (12–68 kg ha-1), and potassium (50–380 kg ha-1), It was also found necessary to apply fertilizers differentially depending on the level of applied technology for the planned beet yield.
Keywords: Crop productivity, production process, fertilizers, photosynthesis, automated agricultural technologies, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.13
M. ZULKIFFAL, J. AHMED, M. RIAZ, Y. RAMZAN, A. AHSAN, A. KANWAL, I. GHAFOOR, M. NADEEM, and M. ABDULLAH
SUMMARY
In Pakistan, wheat planting is delayed because of dawn sowing, which reduces yield due to terminal heat stress. This effect can be alleviated by changing sowing times. Therefore, parametric stability analysis was carried out with eight different sowing dates (environments), namely, early, normal, late, and very late, with 10-day intervals in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 at the Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Significant heat stress responses were observed at the latter two sowing dates. The genetic and phenotypic relationship among the traits revealed that the normalized vegetation index (NI) had a positive correlation with grain yield (kg ha−1) (Yi) and 1000-grain weight (g) (GrWt). However, canopy temperature (CaTe) had a negative correlation with Yi, GrWt, and NI. For Yi and GrWt, the linear environmental response (α) and deviation from linear response (λ) were observed as transformed forms of regression coefficient (bi) and deviation from regression (S2d). Planting dates, i.e., E1, E6, and E7, had slight effects on Yi, and E6, E7, E2, and E8 had slight effects on GrWt. Meanwhile, E3, E4, E5, E1, E3, and E4 exerted a strong effect on the genotype by environment interactions for Yi and GrWt. For Yi, lines G23, G20, and G21 were adapted to E8; G9 and G19 were adapted to E1; and G15, G17, and G22 were adapted to E5. For GrWt, G13, G20, G3, G11, G21, and G15 were adapted to E8 and E4; G10, G7, G8, and G5 were adapted to E5; G4, G22, and G17 were adapted to E6 and E4; and G24 and G2 were adapted to E2 and E3. The candidate wheat lines with enhanced GrWt and Yi were found in E5 and E6 (late sowing) and E7 and E8 (very late) and presented tolerance to terminal heat stress.
Keywords: Probing, heat stress, candidate lines, sowing date, parametric stability models, bread wheat
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.12
MD.I. KHALIL, MD.R. HOSSAIN, A.K. CHOWDHURY and MD.M. HASSAN
SUMMARY
Genetic diversity is a prerequisite for crop improvement. This study, which was carried out at Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, explored the genetic diversity of 38 Bangladeshi aus rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces under drought stress by using phenotypic and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Nonhierarchal clustering analysis with Mahalanobis‟ D2 statistic based on the data of morphological traits divided the studied landraces into four groups. High variability was found among the groups. Group 3 had the highest number of tillers per plant, spikelets per panicle, and panicle length. Group 2 had high 100-seed weight, and group 4 showed the highest yield per plant. Spikelets per panicle showed the maximum variation among all of the traits in the four groups. Principal component analysis showed that PC1 contributed 32.24% of the total variation, whereas PC2 accounted for 26.20%. Compared with the other traits, plant height, spikelet per panicle, and yield per plant exhibited a greater influence on the phenotypic variation observed in PC1. Compared with other traits, 100-grain weight, days to harvesting, and days to 50% flowering contributed highly to the variation found in PC2. In SSR analysis, the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.87 was observed for markers RM207 and RM256 and the lowest PIC of 0.64 was observed for markers RM212 and RM274. ‘Madab jata’ showed the highest similarity value (0.7) with ‘BRRI dhan 42’. ‘Lonka gora binni’ exhibited a similarity value of 0.588, and ‘Koba binni’, ‘Parija’, ‘Gota irri’, ‘Chitri’, and ‘Putiraj’ presented a similarity value of 0.556 with ‘BRRI dhan 42’. Among these genotypes, ‘Madab jata’, ‘Lonka gora binni’, and ‘Koba binni’ formed a cluster with ‘BRRI dhan 42’ with the coefficient of 0.53. Therefore, ‘Madab jata’, ‘Lonka gora binni’, and ‘Koba binni’ might contain drought-tolerant alleles and can be used for future research programs. The high genetic variability obtained in this work indicates that the studied rice genotypes contain drought-tolerant alleles and could be used for breeding drought-tolerant rice cultivars.
Keywords: Aus rice, genetic diversity, genetic variability, landraces, drought tolerant genotypes, principal component analysis, SSR markers
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.11
Chaiyaphum A, Chankaew S, Falab S, Sukto S, Sanitchon J, Lertrat K, Suriharn K
SUMMARY
Shallot (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum) is an economically important nutritive vegetable and medicinal plant. Given their low seed production, shallots are vegetatively propagated by using bulb material. Flowering is essential for transferring important traits, such as resistance to Fusarium oxysporum and tolerance to salinity. However, the flowering abilities and times of shallot cultivars are very diverse. Therefore, studying the mechanism and regulatory genes of flowering is mandatory. The AcFT2 gene has a significant correlation with flowering in shallots. The present research aims to obtain information on the gene sequence, relative expression, and correlation of AcFT2 with flowering in shallots under vernalized and nonvernalized conditions. This study was conducted from August 2019 until September 2019 at the Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, IPB University, Tajur, Bogor, Indonesia. Gene isolation and expression analyses were conducted from October 2019 to July 2020 at the Horticulture Laboratory, Gifu University, Japan. The shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ was subjected to vernalization at 8 °C for 6 weeks under nonvernalization treatment and then planted for 30 days for gene isolation. The AcFT2 gene sequence generated from the shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ was analyzed by using Geneious, MUSCLE, and Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis. Gene expression was analyzed via qRT-PCR. Results showed that the AcFT2-like gene obtained from shallot had high homology with other FT genes from other plants, especially plants in the Allium genus. The shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ showed relatively similar expression as the partial shallot AcFT2-like gene under vernalization and nonvernalization treatments given that the number of umbel flowers did not significantly differ between both treatments.
Keywords: Vernalization and nonvernalization, qRT-PCR, AcFT2, umbel flower
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.10
A. CHAIYAPHUM, S. CHANKAEW, S. FALAB, S. SUKTO, J. SANITCHON, K. LERTRAT, and K. SURIHARN
SUMMARY
Shallot (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum) is an economically important nutritive vegetable and medicinal plant. Given their low seed production, shallots are vegetatively propagated by using bulb material. Flowering is essential for transferring important traits, such as resistance to Fusarium oxysporum and tolerance to salinity. However, the flowering abilities and times of shallot cultivars are very diverse. Therefore, studying the mechanism and regulatory genes of flowering is mandatory. The AcFT2 gene has a significant correlation with flowering in shallots. The present research aims to obtain information on the gene sequence, relative expression, and correlation of AcFT2 with flowering in shallots under vernalized and nonvernalized conditions. This study was conducted from August 2019 until September 2019 at the Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, IPB University, Tajur, Bogor, Indonesia. Gene isolation and expression analyses were conducted from October 2019 to July 2020 at the Horticulture Laboratory, Gifu University, Japan. The shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ was subjected to vernalization at 8 °C for 6 weeks under nonvernalization treatment and then planted for 30 days for gene isolation. The AcFT2 gene sequence generated from the shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ was analyzed by using Geneious, MUSCLE, and Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis. Gene expression was analyzed via qRT-PCR. Results showed that the AcFT2-like gene obtained from shallot had high homology with other FT genes from other plants, especially plants in the Allium genus. The shallot cultivar ‘Lokananta’ showed relatively similar expression as the partial shallot AcFT2-like gene under vernalization and nonvernalization treatments given that the number of umbel flowers did not significantly differ between both treatments.
Keywords: Vernalization and nonvernalization, qRT-PCR, AcFT2, umbel flower
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.9
M.T. UPADYSHEV
SUMMARY
The prevalence of harmful viruses, viz., apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple mosaic virus (ApMV), and tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) in apple tree plantations in the Ryazan, Yaroslavl, and Moscow regions, Russian Federation, based on genotype features, planting type (industrial, collection, and repository), and tree age was studied during 2018–2021. The prevalence of harmful and latent viruses ranged from 49.6% to 53.8% in apple cultivars and from 8.3% to 100% in apple clonal rootstocks. The most common virus in the Moscow and Yaroslavl regions was ACLSV (34.7% and 53.8%) and that in the Ryazan region was ApMV (33.3%). Relative to that in young apple trees, the virus influence in older tree tissues was higher by 20% to 43% depending on virus type. Monoviral infection prevailed (59% of all trees were infected with one virus) in the studied apple tree cultivars. Of the cultivars, 25% were infected by a complex of two viruses (ASPV + ACLSV), 10% were infected by three viruses, and 6% were infected by four viruses. The highest prevalence of latent viruses was observed in old Russian cultivars (53.5%) and selections from old foreign cultivars (57.2%). Virus occurrence was slightly lower (51.6%) in new Russian cultivars than in other cultivars. Columnar apple tree cultivars had the lowest virus occurrence (30%) and were found to be more tolerant than other genotypes. The highest virus incidence was recorded in industrial orchards (63.4%), followed by that recorded in collection (20.8%) and repository (18.3%) plantations. By using ELISA, the apple genotypes that were free from harmful viruses were identified as source plants, i.e., 183 plants from 18 apple tree cultivars and 131 plants from clonal rootstocks. Results indicated that virus-free apple germplasm is highly effective for the successful implementation of breeding and genetic improvement.
Keywords: Malus domesticа Borkh., viruses, cultivars, rootstock, diagnostics, ELISA
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.8
A.M. ABEKOVA, R.S. YERZHEBAYEVA, S.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, K. KONUSBEKOV, T.A BAZYLOVA., D.I. BABISSEKOVA, and A.A. AMANGELDIYEVA
SUMMARY
Sugar beet is a highly valuable and profitable crop in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is the only source of raw materials for the production of crystalline sugar and incidentals (tops, bagasse, and molasses). This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 53 sugar beet samples, 19 parental lines, and 34 hybrids from Kazakhstan by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, agromorphological traits, root mass weight, and sugar content at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almalybak, Republic of Kazakhstan. The experimental conditions were optimized for the 14 RAPD primers used in this study. The polymorphism index contents varied from 0.24 to 0.46, and all 14 primers were classified as moderately informative. The cluster analysis of RAPD data divided the sugar beet samples into seven groups. The greatest distance (D = 1.4) was noted among the male sterile lines ‘MS-1611’, ‘MS-1631’, ‘MS-97’, and ‘MS-2113’ and the pollinator lines ‘VP-44’ and ‘VP-23’. The samples were divided into six groups on the basis of root mass weight and sugar content via cluster analysis. The hybrids ‘RMS-90’, ‘RMS-134’, ‘RMS-133’, ‘RMS-136’, and ‘Ramnes’ were grouped in a cluster that showed the highest values of root mass weight, which ranged from 610 g to 680 g. However, the samples with high sugar content (18.2–18.5), i.e., ‘Shecker’, ‘2198’, ‘H-22’, and ‘1005’, were grouped into a cluster with a distance of D = 0.8. Lines located at a large genetic distance from each other were recommended for hybridization when creating highly productive hybrids. These findings can be applied in the development of new productive and stable sugar beet hybrids in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, markers, RAPD, root mass weight, sugar content, sugar beet
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.7
O.T. BAER, C.E. REANO, G.B. GREGORIO, MG.Q. DIAZ, LJ.A. PABRO, L. TAMBA, N. BALTAZAR, ME.R. FABREAG, A.E. POCSEDIO, S. LACAM, A.G. KUMAR, and T.P. LAUDE
SUMMARY
Bacterial stalk rot (BSR) caused by Dickeya zeae is one of the important diseases of maize that significantly affects maize yield performance. Resistance to D. zeae is influenced by high humidity and temperature. Affected tissues are described as soft, mushy, and emitting a foul odor. Yield losses can reach approximately 98.8% of the grower‟s potential. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments using seven biparental populations were conducted at Syngenta Philippines, Inc., from 2014–2020 to locate consistent QTL and markers involved in BSR resistance. The QTL detected in NMM033, NMM073, NMM089, NMM090, NMM091, NMX003, and NMX001 populations were used to estimate the numbers and positions of consensus QTL with BioMercator V4.2.3 software. Metaanalysis for BSR resistance was conducted by considering all QTL for BSR resistance traits identified in 2014–2020. Among the 49 distinct markers on chromosomes (chrs) 1 to 10, eight most significant loci 1 were detected, i.e., MSRQTL1-1, MSRQTL2-1, MSRQTL3-1, MSRQTL3-2, MSRQTL5-1, MSRQTL5-2, MSRQTL6, and MSRQTL10-1. Meta-QTL were identified in chrs 1, 5, and 10 in four populations; in chr 2 in three populations; and in chrs 3 and 6 in two populations evaluated in this study. The regions identified in chrs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 with high QTL colocalization across biparental populations were considered as important QTL for BSR resistance traits. Further implementation through fine-mapping is recommended for marker development. The impact of this discovery would strengthen downstream applications in marker-assisted backcrossing and is not only limited to maize BSR resistance but also to other native traits of different crops.
Keywords: Zea mays L., bacterial stalk rot, Meta-QTL analysis
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.6
M. SAJID, M.A.B. SADDIQUE, M.H.N. TAHIR, A. MATLOOB, Z. ALI, F. AHMAD, Q. SHAKIL, Z.U. NISA, and M. KIFAYAT
SUMMARY
The ideal temperature range for the optimal growth and development of cotton is 25 °C–32 °C and high temperature adversely affects the metabolic activities of plant cells. This study was aimed to screen heat-tolerant cotton genotypes based on physiological and molecular parameters. Experiments were carried out during 2019–2020 at the MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. The research comprised two parts. In the first experiment, 30 cotton genotypes were sown in a completely randomized design with three replications under laboratory conditions for the determination of cell membrane thermostability. Principal component analysis was performed, and four genotypes, i.e., two heat-tolerant (‘CRIS-5A’ and ‘VH-338’) and two heat-sensitive (‘FH-242’ and ‘VH-281’) genotypes, were selected. In the second experiment, the screened cotton genotypes were sown in pots in a factorial complete randomized design with three replications and two treatments (normal and heat treatment). Heat stress was applied at the seedling stage, and eight leaf samples (one from each experimental unit) were collected. Two genes were used for molecular analysis and were amplified in all eight cDNA samples. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of HSP70 and HSP26 genes in the cotton genotypes, and the expression of these genes was measured by using ImageJ software. The gene expression level of HSP70 was very high (16.41%) in ‘VH-281’, which is a heat-sensitive genotype under heat stress. The sensitive genotype ‘FH-242’ exhibited the highest gene expression level of HSP26 (20.32%) under normal conditions. A similar sequence of HSP70 gene of Agave sisalana was amplified for the first time in cotton. It is a good indicator for screening heat tolerant cotton genotypes at the molecular level.
Keywords: CMT, cotton, screening, heat shock proteins, high temperature, RCI%, oxidative damage
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.5