The article presents the results of a study in the agrocenosis of soft winter wheat to determine the effects of pre-sowing and early spring application of various forms and combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash fertilizers when growing it in the leached chernozem of the Western Ciscaucasia. The soil is characteristic of a satisfactory state of the structure, density: 1.26–1.42 g/cm³; active acidity (pH): 6.29– 6.58 pH; exchangeable (pH): 5.11–5.25 units; hydrolytic: 1.94–3.05 meq/100 g; the amount of absorbed bases: 27.5–31.2 meq/100 g; cation exchange capacity: 30.6–33.1 meq. /100 g; the soil saturation degree with bases: 90.2%–94.3%; and humus content: 2.93%. Fertilizers improve the nutrient regime of the soil. The average supply level with mineral nitrogen, high and mobile phosphorus, and very high mobile potassium has been well-defined. It could lead to an increase in grain when applying N120P30K60 – 1.28 t/ha (or 24.1%), N120P90K20 – 1.47 t/ha (or 27.8%), and N120P90K60 – 1.53 t/ha (or 28.8%). The grain yield of soft winter wheat was 6.58, 6.77, and 6.83 t/ha, respectively. The protein content in the grain varied from 13.2% to 14.3%. The collection of protein per hectare was 870.5, 948.5, and 958.3 kg/ha for the treatments N120P30K60, N120P90K20, and N120P90K60, respectively. The protein in the control was equal to 554.9 kg/ha. Dispersion analysis of the study results showed the share of the contribution of the factor “combination of fertilizers” was 75.95%. Similarly, the data analysis of the conditions of the agricultural year and combinations of mineral fertilizers has a smaller share – 19.24%. With the introduction of N120P30K60 and N120P90K20, the payback of mineral fertilizers by increasing the yield of soft winter wheat grain is the largest – 6.10 and 6.39 kg/kg a.i. NPK, respectively.

Keywords: Soft winter wheat, leached chernozem, Western Ciscaucasia, mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, grain yield

Key findings: Mineral fertilizers improved the feeding system by soft winter wheat grown on chernozem soil in Western Ciscaucasia. The payback of mineral fertilizers by winter wheat with an application of N120P30K60 and N120P90K20 was the highest (6.10 and 6.39 kg/kg a.i. NPK), respectively.

Wheat yellow (stripe) rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is a dominant type of winter wheat disease. Developing new, highly productive varieties with increased immunological indicators helps to minimize the threat of rust spread. The progressive study searched the sources of resistance to the Pst populations and determined the effectiveness of Yr genes in Southeast Kazakhstan. Immunological studies ensued during 2018–2022 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant growing, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Wheat’s 23 isogenic lines and 193 winter wheat genotypes attained evaluation for their reactions against an artificially infectious background of infection mixed with Pst pathotypes. Determining the intensity of virulence, the effectiveness of Yr genes, and the resistance of genotypes to the Pst population transpired in the said region. During the vegetation period, based on weather conditions, the accumulated flow of the source, and the period of infection, wheat genotypes responded differently to the rust disease manifestation. The wheat genotypes found resistant to P. striiformis and promising for selection with immunity reached nomination. Their practical use centered on increasing the immunological potential of the new winter wheat cultivars for creation and further reducing the large-scale use of fungicides and the negative environmental consequences.

Keywords: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, isogenic lines, P. striiformis, wheat yellow rust, wheat stripe rust, rust resistance, immunity, conventional breeding

Key findings: The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes resistant to P. striiformis and promising for selection with immunity were notable. Their practical use centered on increasing the immunological potential of new wheat cultivars for development and reducing the large-scale use of fungicides and the negative environmental consequences.

Rock melon (Cucumis melo L. var. Cantalupensis) is a commercial-type melon with a wide distribution worldwide. Rock melons with larger fruit sizes are more in demand in restaurants, the food processing industry, and large families. In breeding for larger fruits, the increased genetic variability through introgression and recombination is the main factor; then, it can continue to purify before becoming a parental line. The presented study sought to recognize the variability of the open-pollinated population and their performance after selfing. The experiment ran from September 2021 to July 2022 at the Field Experimental Station, Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Indonesia. The experiment consisted of two sub-experiments carried out without experimental design. There was wide variability in both quantitative and qualitative variables in the open-pollinated populations, except fruit flesh color, weight, and sugar content. Population after selfing (S1 population) had more uniform qualitative traits. All the fruits sampled were medium elliptic with netted rinds followed by two-color variants (greenish yellow and green). Also, narrow variability occurred for the traits, fruit diameter, weight, and sugar content, followed by low heritability for the quantitative traits.

Keywords: Genetic variability, heritability, introgression and recombination, melon (Cucumis melo L.), open-pollinated population, quantitative and qualitative traits, selfed (S1 population)

Key findings: In F₂ segregating populations, a wide diversity of quantitative and qualitative traits proved that intercross ably maintained variability as per Handy-Weinberg equilibrium theory. Besides, the high heritability was evident for fruit shape and color traits after selfing, particularly for elongated and green color traits. They seemed like simple allelic traits.

Appropriate parental selection is the breeder’s main concern to exploit the highest genetic diversity and generate superior genotypes for subsequent breeding programs. Hence, the presented investigation proceeded to evaluate 353 breeding lines of rice at three breeding zones (Rajshahi, Cumilla, and Gazipur) in Bangladesh in replicated yield trials during the Boro season of 2018–2019 to identify the best genotypes and utilize them as parental materials. Data recorded on 12 yield-related traits helped to determine the best breeding lines with higher predicted breeding values. The first five principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5) represented more than 70% (75.1%) contribution to the variability of the data. Three hundred fifty-three rice genotypes incurred distribution into five clusters over three environments. Clusters I, II, III, IV, and V comprised 66, 51, 83, 79, and 74 genotypes, respectively. Based on estimated breeding values (EBVs), IR107971-B-B RGA-B RGA-202 showed the highest value (0.395), followed by IR 108000-B-B-B-B-13 (0.329), IR 103309-B-B RGA-B RGA-194 (0.321), IR 107982-B-41-1-2-1 (0.291), IRRI 174 (0.264), and IR 107976-B-B RGA-B RGA-254 (0.234). The lowest EBV (0.022) appeared in IR103309-B-B RGA-B RGA-204 among the top 20 genotypes. Both IR 103309-B-B RGA-B RGA-194 (0.321) and IR 107982-B-41-1-2-1 (0.291) could benefit as parents for further breeding programs having higher EBVs and higher genetic diversity.

Keywords: Rice, cluster analysis, estimated breeding values, parental materials

Key findings: EBVs and cluster analysis can assist breeders in selecting the best parents for the next breeding program. The top 20 genotypes based on EBVs with the highest genetic diversity may serve as parents to produce desired plant progenies crucial for the ever-growing populations. More specifically, IR 103309-B-B RGA-B RGA-194 and IR 107982-B-41-1-2-1 will be more effective as parents due to their higher EBVs and more genetic diversity.

The molecular identification of maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and its effects on the morphophysiological traits of maize (Zea mays L.) was the focus of the presented research, intending to study the activity dynamics of two main types of enzymes, peroxidases, weakly binding to the membrane, and soluble peroxidases. The molecular identification of the virus engaged the use of the RT-PCR method. Results revealed that in the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan, red necrotic spotting, yellow mosaic with a large border on the edge of the leaf, curling of the leaves, yellow striped mosaic, and short stature all appeared in the maize plants. According to previous symptoms, the visual diagnostic methods used determine the maize yellow mosaic virus indications. In the existing study, the gene responsible for the protein coat synthesis (SR) nucleotide sequence served to diagnose the MDMV, and as a result, PCR tests showed yellow streaks on the leaves of maize plants. The mosaic and motility symptoms have been characteristic proofs of MDMV. The MDMV infects the maize plants in the initial growth phase (3–5 leaves), then the symptoms appear after a few days. Through morphological indicators, viral disease identification is possible at subsequent stages (6–7 leaves). Using spectrophotometry, the peroxidase enzyme activity in maize plants receives the virus infection to determine an early level of infectivity. The results confirmed that, in infected maize plants, peroxidase associated with the cell membrane was much more active than in control plants. It proves that contaminated Zea mays plants were in a stressful situation due to the virus. The RT-PCR method, widely used in diagnostics, sought to identify the virus species affiliation. PCR proceeded based on the virus соat protein (CP) gene.

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), distribution, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), thylakoid

Key findings: Given the participation of the peroxidase enzyme in the protection mechanism of the maize plants from MDVM disease, its consideration for use succeeded on local maize cultivars with high peroxidase activity, such as, Sherzod, and acclimatized cultivars, i.e., Extra Early Dightau-209 and Hickax, for the selection of virus-resistant cultivars.

One of the major tasks faced by wheat breeders in Uzbekistan is to enhance wheat genotypes’ adaptability to soil and other environmental conditions and improve the grain quality, making the country self-sufficient in wheat grains and later becoming an exporter. Better results are achievable using the world wheat collection, including the CIMMYT germplasm. Determination of the positive correlation of physiological traits of new wheat cultivars, the importance of physiological indicators of water balance with productivity, and the vital role of these indicators in productivity level were the chief concerns. The timely study evaluated heat resilience, rust resistance, and grain yield in bread wheat genotypes. Bread wheat germplasm obtained from CIMMYT with a background of artificial infection of yellow rust incurred scrutiny for their rust resistance. A 15% incidence was detectable in seven genotypes; however, necrosis quickly formed around the symptoms of the disease in plant leaves, preventing its further development. Resistant wheat accessions, i.e., 1088, 1164 (R), 1006, and 1251 (MR), occurred as moderately resistant, showing high leaf area and grain yield. The average value of the genotypes was low, mainly due to the two rust-resistant samples, and the 1000-grain weight was 34.8 g and 34.6 g, respectively, and the grains per spike and grain yield were lower than the average. The chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, relative water content, flag leaf area, and production traits of the genotypes К-1088 and К-1164 gained assessment, revealed to be physiologically effective under the field conditions of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Quantitative indicators of the productivity of these wheat genotypes indicated positive differentiation. Selection ensued for promising accessions to develop initial sources for producing the wheat genotypes with rust resistance and high grain yield under the environmental conditions of Uzbekistan.

Keywords: Bread wheat (T. aestivum L.), wheat yellow rust, rust resistance, heat tolerance, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, water content, grain yield

Key findings: By comparing with the standard check, a lower average value of the wheat accessions
was mainly due to the two rust-resistant genotypes, K-1164 and K-1289, which also have 1000-grain weights of 36.1 g and 34.8 g, respectively. The grain yield of these genotypes was also much lower than the average yield. Desirable chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, relative water content, leaf area of flag leaves, and higher grain yield were substantial in the wheat landraces К-1088, К-1082, and К-1164 and proved to be physiologically effective under environmental conditions of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Quantitative indicators of the productivity of these accessions provided positive differentiation, with these genotypes recording higher values than the rest of the entries.

The following research on citrus (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstocks transpired in 2020 at the Citrus Production Nursery of the Directorate of Horticulture and Forestry, Al-Hindiyya District, Iraq. The study aimed to explore the effect of foliar application of amino acids on citrus rootstocks and their various characteristics. The experiment was factorial in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor included four citrus rootstocks (Citrus aurantium, Troyer citrange, Volkameriana, and Swingle citrumelo), while the second factor included four amino acid treatments, i.e., control, arginine (250 mg L^-1), tryptophan (150 mg L^-1), and arginine (250 mg L^-1) + tryptophan (150 mg L^-1), symbolized as A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively. Results showed the citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo emerged superior in seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and contents of carbohydrate, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with average values of 123.75 cm, 1.13 cm, 96.88 leaves seedling^-1, 13.86%, 1.55%, 0.46%, and 1.51%, respectively. Amino acids’ foliar application had a significant effect, with the treatment A4 (arginine 250 mg L^-1 + tryptophan 150 mg L^-1) excelling in the seedling height and diameter, the number of leaves, and contents of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Corresponding average values were 110.55 cm, 1.23 cm, 104.23 leaves seedling^-1, 136.98 mg 100 g^-1, 14.41%, 1.60%, 0.52%, and 1.58%.

Keywords: Citrus aurantium L., rootstocks, amino acids, vegetative growth, biochemical traits, qualitative and yield traits

Key findings: The presented study revealed the citrus (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock Swingle citrumelo had the best vegetative growth and biochemical properties, while the rootstock Volkameriana had the highest chlorophyll content. The combined foliar application of the amino acids (arginine 250 mg L^-1 + tryptophan 150 mg L^-1) showed the best performance in vegetative growth and biochemical properties.

The study on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) took place during the cropping season of 2019–2020 at the Babil Governorate, Abu Gharq Region, Iraq. This study aimed to determine the response of five potato cultivars, Burren (control), Everest, Arizona, Argos, and Evora, to foliar application of Loenergy Plus Nano-nutrient solution with three concentrations (0, 1.5, and 2.5 m^l-1) and three replicates. The results showed the Loenergy Plus Nano-nutrient solution’s spraying significantly affected the potato cultivars’ vegetative and yield characteristics, especially when used at a concentration of 2.5 ml L^-1. It resulted in the highest average values compared with the lower concentration and the control (distilled water). The potato Argos cultivar expressed the maximum values in vegetative traits among the studied potatoes. The research showed the different potato cultivars behaved differently to the same factor in the Iraqi environmental conditions.

Keywords: Potato (S. tuberosum L.), solanaceae, nano-materials, foliar application, tuber

Key findings: Foliar spraying of Loenergy Plus Nano-nutrient solution (2.5 ml L^-1) resulted in increased potato (S. tuberosum L.) growth and yield regardless of the cultivar type. Some potato cultivars showed suitability to grow in Iraqi environmental conditions much better than the Burren cultivar as the most commonly cultivated variety in local farms.

The aim of this study sought to determine the effect of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, yield, and accumulation of capsaicin content in fruits of two chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) hybrids. Carried out in the crop season of 2022–2023 at the University of Kerbala, District Husseiniya, Iraq, the experiment was in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replicates. The study included two factors: the first factor was two chili pepper hybrids, i.e., Barbarian and Hyffa, and the second factor was eight fertilizer combinations (control, Azotobacter, urea [150 mg L⁻¹], urea [300 mg L⁻¹], urea [450 mg L⁻¹], Azotobacter + urea [150 mg L⁻¹], Azotobacter + urea [300 mg L⁻¹], and Azotobacter + urea [450 mg L⁻¹]). Results showed the Barbarian hybrid gave the highest total yield (18.12 t ha^-1) and capsaicin content in fruits (742.41 mg kg^-1) compared with the Hyffa hybrid. The fertilizer combination Azotobacter + urea (450 mg L⁻¹) also excelled other treatments in plant height (71.47 cm), the number of branches (9.50 branches plant^-1), stem diameter (2.37 cm), total yield (29.06 t ha^-1), and capsaicin content in chili fruits (820.20 mg kg^-1).

Keywords: Chili pepper (C. annuum L.), cultivars, Azotobacter, nitrogen fertilizer, growth and yield traits, capsaicin content

Key findings: In chili peppers (C. annuum L.), the hybrid Barbarian gave the maximum values in total yield and capsaicin content in fruits compared with the hybrid Hyffa. The fertilizer combination Azotobacter + urea (450 mg L⁻¹) showed the highest values for plant height, the number of main branches, stem diameter, total yield, and capsaicin content in fruits.

The following research assessed the effect of the biostimulant isabion and zinc on the productivity and quality parameters of two cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) hybrids. The experiment, carried out in the autumn of 2023–2024, transpired at the University of Kerbala, District Al-Husseiniyah, Kerbala Governorate, Iraq. The experiment, laid out in a randomized complete block design, had a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots comprised two cabbage hybrids: Zeina F1 (red cabbage) and Wight Moon (green cabbage). Meanwhile, the subplots included eight fertilizer combinations with different ratios. Results showed hybrid green cabbage was superior in head weight, marketable yield, total yield, and protein percentage in leaves, with average values of 1,087.34 g head^-1, 31.32 t ha^-1, 38.72 t ha^-1, and 12.44%, respectively. As for fertilizer treatments, evidently, the fertilizer combination Isabion (9 L ha^-1) + zinc (1 g L^-1) excelled in head weight, marketable yield, total yield, total dissolved solids, ascorbic acid, and protein content in leaves. Their average values are 1,252.43 g head^-1, 36.07 t ha^-1, 42.93 t ha^-1, 4.48%, 69.04 mg 100 mg^-1, and 17.26%, respectively. The interaction between both factors was also significant for all the cabbage traits under study.

Keywords: Cabbage (B. oleracea L.), biostimulant Isabion, zinc, growth and yield traits, ascorbic acid, protein content

Key findings: Results revealed hybrid green cabbage (B. oleracea L.) was leading in head weight, marketable yield, total yield, protein content, and ascorbic acid in the leaves. As for fertilizer treatments, the fertilizer combination of Isabion (9 L ha^-1) + zinc (1 g L^-1) also excelled in all the cabbage traits.