J. SHAVKIEV, S. NABIEV, A. AZIMOV, N. CHORSHANBIEV , and K.H. NURMETOV
SUMMARY
Globally, increasing water and energy demand is expected to reach 6.9 trillion cubic meters by 2030, exceeding 40% of the available water supplies. Climate change and rising temperatures caused water shortages due to lesser and irregular rainfalls, leading to lower production of crops. The research to assess drought tolerance of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense. L) lines in Uzbekistan revealed the line, T-450 as the most promising for drought environments. The research, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications with a factorial arrangement and two irrigation regimes (non-stress and water stress at the seedling stage), was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, District Zangi-Ota, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. Nine Pima cotton lines, i.e., Сурхон-14 (control cultivar), Т-1, Т-5440, Т-2006, Т-10, Т-167, Т-5445, Т-450, and Т-663 with diverse agronomic characters, were selected for their potential yield during 2019, 2020, and 2021 cropping seasons under two different environments (optimal and water deficit condition). Drought indices revealed significant differences among lines, except the golden mean (GM). Results in the ranking method indicate that among the drought tolerance indices, mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), mean relative performance (MRP), relative efficiency index (REI), and relative drought index (RDY), show the most suitable indicators because of their high correlation with seed cotton yield. Cluster analysis and threedimensional plots showed the cotton inbred lines with the highest tolerance to drought under both irrigation conditions. The first three principal components (PCs) explained 67.54% of total variation and the PC1 can be nominated as a potentially stable yield. The biplot diagram based on PCs and drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP, STI, MRP, REI, and YI were the best indices for screening the tolerant cotton inbred lines, such as, T-450.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Pima cotton lines, non-stress and water stress, cluster analysis, principal component and biplot analyses, correlation, seed cotton yield
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.6
A.N. FARHOOD, M.Y. MERHIJ, and Z.H. AL-FATLAWI
SUMMARY
The study comprised two experiments that were carried out for two consecutive years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) at the Agricultural Research Station, Babil Governorate, Iraq. In the first experiment, seven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, viz., Iraq, Ezz, Abba-99, Furat, Sham-6, N-70, and Tamoz, were studied for most drought- tolerant genes in 2019–2020. During this year, three droughttolerant wheat cultivars, i.e., Iraq, Tamoz, and Abba-99, were selected having the most droughttolerant genes. In the second experiment, the three selected drought-tolerant wheat cultivars under three different drought stress conditions (D-1, D-2, and D-3) were studied during 2020–2021 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications using a split-plot arrangement. The study aimed to determine the impact of drought effects on the expression of drought-resistant genes, growth, and yield traits in wheat. The results showed that wheat cultivars differed in their possession of drought-resistant genes (ABC4, GPAT, GBSS1, and umc1283), and the bands appeared in cultivars, Iraq, Tamoz, and Abba-99, while the rest of the four cultivars had lost one or two genes. Cultivar Iraq was distinguished as the most drought-tolerant genotypes, by having an increased relative expression of genes, ABC4 and GPAT, compared with other cultivars. The D-3 – drought stress condition caused a significant reduction in the biological and grain yield, and harvest index, with a decrease of 38.85%, 12.60%, and 29.83%, respectively. Cultivar Iraq was the least affected for plant height, flag leaf area, tillers meter2, biological and grain yield, and harvest index when increasing drought severity, and these traits decreased by 16.96%, 24.08%, 44.17%, 28.08%, 15.10%, and 15.29%, respectively. Results authenticated wheat cultivars differed in the expression of drought-resistant genes, and drought resistance is largely controlled by genes.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), drought stress, drought-resistant genes, genes expression, growth traits, grain yield, and related traits
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.5
SAUDAH, ZUMAIDAR, DARUSMAN, FITMAWATI, D.I. ROSLIM , E. JULIANTARI, ERNILASARI, and K. WALIL
SUMMARY
Torch ginger – bak-kala (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.SM.) already has been proven an effective traditional medicine by tribes in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Solid primary evidence for the torch ginger, bak-kala’s medicinal properties include the healing effects experienced by the traditional tribes in Aceh, when treated for illnesses, such as, cough, fever, and sprains. Likewise, it has been proven to be a use for food ingredients, i.e., vegetables and spices to enhance the taste of food. Much of the available documented information focused on its biochemical and pharmacological aspects. Even though the utilization of bak-kala resources is mainly at the level of diversity, there is no information on its genetic diversity in Aceh. The high intensity of bak-kala utilization is not simultaneous with information on its genetic diversity. On the other hand, many uses of bak-kala are specific for certain accessions with particular benefits. The study aimed to create a classification system for bak-kala variations based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and to provide information on the genetic diversity of bak-kala in Aceh Province. The 35 accessions were divided into eight populations based on the geographical locations from which they were collected. Data were recorded and analyzed using 10 ISSR primers with 77 total bands. The molecular characters divided the accessions into four major groups. As revealed by expected heterozygosity (He), genetic variability among the population showed that the Simeulu population possessed a greater level of variability than other populations. The results of the analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation within the population was higher (60%) than the genetic variation among populations (40%). The studies can be used to plan conservation strategies, optimal utilization of the species, and crop improvement programs in the future.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Bak-kala (Etlingera elatior), diversity, genetic variability, germplasm, ISSR markers, population structure
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.4
A. JAVED, N.N. NAWAB, S. GOHAR, A. AKRAM, K. JAVED, M. SARWAR, M.I. TABASSUM, N. AHMAD, and A.R. MALLHI
A study was conducted to determine the types of gene action of different yield-related traits in tomato and the combining ability in four advanced lines. The heterotic response in tomato hybrids was also assessed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among all the traits. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for all chosen traits were computed using Griffing’s approach of diallel. Combining ability revealed the additive and non-additive genetic effects for all selected traits of advanced lines. T-1360 was found as a good general combiner for the number of cluster plant-1, average fruit weight, number of flowers cluster-1, fruit length, number of fruit cluster-1, and yield. The variance of the GCA to SCA ratio was found less than 0.5 for each trait, which confirmed the presence of non-additive gene action. The results revealed higher magnitudes of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) than the genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV). The high magnitudes of heritability (72% to 92%) and genetic advance (36.63% to 139.72%) were found for the number of cluster plant-1, average fruit weight (g), the number of fruits cluster-1, and yield. Among all crosses, the cross ST-100 × T-1360 showed maximum positive heterosis over the mid parent (566.6%) and the better parent (455.5%). The identified tomato genotypes can be used further in different tomato breeding programs to improve fruit yield and other yield-related traits.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: GCA and SCA, heritability, heterosis, Solanum lycopersicum L.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.3
M. SYAHRIL, SYUKRI, D.S. SIREGAR, and MURDIANI
SUMMARY
Climate change increases the drought-affected areas, which challenge the breeders to develop adaptive and drought-tolerant rice cultivars. The study aimed to determine heritability, and gene action controlling of various traits in upland rice F4 populations derived from the cross, Sileso (high yielding and drought tolerant) × Ciherang (early maturing), and to obtain high-yielding and earlymaturing rice lines. The upland rice F4 populations, along with parental and check cultivars, were planted in augmented design from July to November 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Samudra University, Langsa, Indonesia. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the check cultivars for the traits, such as, panicle length, productive tillers, filled grains per panicle, and grain yield per plant. The F4 population families revealed significant differences for the maturity, filled grain per panicle, and grain yield per plant, which confirmed greater genetic diversity, and proved potential to produce the best lines. The check vs. family interactions also exhibited significant differences for all the characters. Results revealed high heritability for the traits, i.e., maturity, filled grain per panicle, and grain yield per plant. The inheritance of all the characters was controlled by the additive gene action. Inheritance of the majority of the traits was polygenic except plant height and productive tillers. The selected and promising upland rice F4 populations revealed reduced plant height, maturity, and increased yield per plant compared with its rice parental cultivar ‘Sileso’.
Date Published: September 2022
Keywords: Upland rice, drought tolerance, heritability, gene action
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.2
P.R. GUEVARRA, J.F. PARIL, R.R. GARDOCE, A.M. SALAZAR, and A.O. CANAMA-SALINAS
Summary
This paper reports the first genetic diversity analysis of Philippine traditional maize populations performed through a cost-effective DNA pooling strategy. The diversity among selected 100 traditional maize populations collected from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao was evaluated using twenty simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. A total of 138 bands ranging from two to 12 bands per primer were detected. The average number of polymorphic alleles, polymorphism rate, effective multiplex ratio, marker index, resolving power, and expected heterozygosity are 6.283, 87.17%, 5.798, 4.104, 15.897, and 0.658, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied between 0.141 to 0.848, with an average value of 0.620. A dendrogram was constructed with a dissimilarity coefficient ranging from 0.14 to 0.55 and a mean dissimilarity index of 0.425. Cluster analysis revealed 13 groups based on the result of Approximately Unbiased (AU) p-values from 10,000 bootstrap iterations. The cluster analysis enabled the classification of populations with ambiguous places of origin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher within-population diversity (70%) than among-population diversity (30%) with PhiPT (pairwise genetic differentiation metric) of 0.298 (P = 0.001). These results revealed the significant diversity of traditional maize populations in the Philippines and the power of SSR markers in diversity and cluster analyses despite the age of this marker technology. These findings will aid plant breeders in developing approaches towards knowledgeable and efficient execution of breeding programs using traditional maize populations.
Date published: September 2022
Keywords: Traditional maize, Philippine germplasm, cluster analysis, SSR markers, AMOVA, bootstrapping
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.1
KH.A. KAREEM, Z.O.O. ALOJANY, and A.S.A. AL-JANABI
SUMMARY
Bioactive compound marine algae extracts (MAE), nano-zinc (nZn) and nano-copper (nCu) fertilizer effects on growth traits, and macro– and micronutrient composition in apple trees were studied. The recent study was carried out in 2021 at the laboratories of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, and Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq. In the conducted experiment, the treatments comprise the foliar application of marine algae extracts with two concentrations at 0.5 and 1 ml L-1, nZn at 1 and 2 g L-1, nCu at 1 and 2 g L-1, and a control in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that apple trees treated with marine algae extracts were superior in enhancing the shoot length, diameter, leaves per tree, leaf area, leaf dry matter, and percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and copper (Cu). The other two treatments (nZn and nCu) also showed highest values for some characteristics and moderate values for other traits that excelled the control treatment. Zinc percentage was significant in apple tree leaves when treated with two concentrations of nZn (1, 2 g L-1 ) reaching 1.89% and 1.97%, respectively. The highest Cu percentages were recorded in the apple tree leaves treated with both concentrations of nCu (1, 2 g L-1) reaching 3.66% and 3.78%, respectively. The potassium percentage was significantly high in apple tree leaves for all the treatments. The control treatment was recorded with the lowest values in all the characteristics.
Date published: June 2022
Keywords: Apple trees, marine algae extracts, nano-zinc, nano-copper, growth, macro– and micronutrients composition
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.14
A.T. BILLA, S.S. LESTARI, B.S. DARYONO, and A.S. SUBIASTUTI
SUMMARY
The seasonal production of Allium cepa var. ascalonicum causes a rise in its demand during the offseason. Consumers mostly prefer onion cultivars like the ‘Super Philip’, because of their high productivity, large and round bulbs, shiny appearance, and less spicy taste. In plant breeding, polyploidy induction through mutagens is a technique often used to produce shallot cultivars of better quality. Bio-Catharantin from the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus L. is used as a polyploid induction agent instead of colchicine. The latest study aimed to determine the effect of BioCatharantin concentration (0.2% and 0.4%) on phenotypic traits (plant height, bulb mass, and the number of bulbs), and the chromosome number to determine the minimum concentration that could cause polyploidization in shallots. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 in a greenhouse in Madurejo, Prambanan, and the Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. Bio-Catharantin concentration did not affect plant height which was comparable with the control. Both treatments caused an increase in bulb mass up to 37.7 and 41.76 g at the concentrations of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, compared with the control (31.47 g). The number of bulbs increased up to 10.6 and 9.8 g for 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, respectively, compared with 8.8 in the control. The ploidy level of cells was increased from 2n (16) to 3n (24) at 2% and 4n (32) at 4% Bio-Catharantin.
Date published: June 2022
Keywords: Shallots (Allium cepa L.), Catharanthus roseus L., bio-catharantin, polyploid, chromosome number, phenotypic traits
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.11
I.A. ABED, A. MARZOOG, A.M.S. ADDAHERI, and M.H. AL-ISSAWI
SUMMARY
Results of the study proved that phytoremediation can be a promising technique to treat cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. Four bacteria types were isolated from the soil; two are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic. Autotrophic bacteria were dominant in soils with 42 mg Cd Kg-1. The total count and diversity of both bacteria types decreased with the increase of Cd in media and reached their minimum limit of tolerance at 60 mg Cd L-1 in terms of the heterotrophic bacteria, while the minimum limit of tolerance in the case of autotrophic bacteria was at 110 mg Cd L-1. The four isolates can form biofilms that ranged in thickness between 2.8–4.3 mm. The tolerant isolates belong to Rhizobium leguminosarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Actinobacteria, and Corynebacterium. Shoot and dry weight significantly varied according to the changes in Cd concentrations and isolate types. The level in either shoot or root exceeded critical levels, however, its concentration was higher in the root compared with the shoot. The effect of Cd on broad bean plants began at 80 and 100 mg Cd L-1. The broad bean plant was resistant to growing in the contaminated area by Cd even at 120 mg Cd Kg1DW. The presence of heterotrophic bacteria was noticeably useful for autotrophic bacteria, as well as, for enhancing Cd resistance. The study showed that cooperative phytoremediation could be a safe and active technique to apply in the field soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Date published: June 2022
Keywords: Broad bean, cadmium, heavy metals, pollution, resistant bacteria
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.17
K.A.M. KHALED, F.M. SULTAN, and C.R. AZZAM
SUMMARY
The recent investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different gamma-ray doses and 900 W (2450 MHz) microwave radiation with various exposure times, separately or in combinations, on the yield, yield components, and chemical properties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), as well as, to detect variation induction. The cDNA-SCoT technique was used to obtain molecular markers related to some traits. SSR technique was used to sequence the target fragment related to plant height. Gamma-ray doses of 150 and 250 Gy alone, and in combination with 900 W microwaves irradiation applied with different duration or time span (1, 2, 3, and 4 min) influenced the plant height significantly, as well as, number of tillers plant-1 and fresh and dry forage yield, and fresh and dry leaf stem-1ratio. In the second sample, seed yield at harvest time, e.g., pods plant-1, weight of pods plant1 , whole plant dry weight, number of seeds pod-1, length of pod, 100-seed weight, and seeds yield were affected by irradiation with different and varied responses. In the M1 generation, the 18 SCoT primers produced 327 bands ranging between 151–2895 bp in size, out of which 282 were polymorphic (86.24%). In the M2, the 18 SCoT primers produced 328 bands ranging between 2122661 bp in size, out of which 299 were polymorphic (91.16%). The M1 and M2 generations exhibited 89 positive and 39 negative bands, which could be used as marker assisted-selection in response to treated guar plants with different gamma ray doses, separately or in combinations with microwave treatments.
Date published: June 2022
Keywords: Gamma irradiation, microwave heating, guar grain, yield and yield components, quality analysis, SCoT
DOI: http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.10