Characterization using molecular markers is not influenced by environmental factors; hence, it can provide an accurate picture of kinship relationships between species and distant relatives. The presented research aims to determine the genetic diversity and kinship relationship among 12 local Balinese maize (Zea mays L.) accessions, resulting from the exploration of one drought-resistant and high-yielding maize cultivar (Lamuru) with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The DNA amplification carried out by the study used a BIO-RAD T100 PCR instrument. The calculation of 10 SSR markers information utilized the iMEC online software, with the data analyzed using NTSYS 2.02 software to produce a dendrogram (phylogenetic analysis). The dendrogram development engaged the Jaccard similarity coefficient and the UPGMA clustering method. After studying their genetic profiles, the local Balinese maize accessions were genetically diverse. Assessing 12 local Balinese maize accessions and one superior cultivar revealed locations at a Jaccard similarity coefficient of 0.28 to 0.65. Maize accession Putih Bayung Gede (Karo) was the most distinct genotype, separating at a coefficient of 0.28. The separation of two other maize accessions, Berondong Lokal, and Kuning/Panes Daup, from the other 10 maize genotypes had a coefficient of 0.35. Accession Ketan Belok Sidan had the most similar DNA profile to the high-yielding maize cultivar, Lamuru, with a similarity coefficient of 0.65.

Keywords: Maize (Z. mays L.), dendrogram, exploration, genetic diversity, Jaccard similarity coefficient, kinship relationships

Key findings: Local Balinese maize (Z. mays L.) accessions occurred highly diverse regarding their genetic profile. Twelve local Balinese maize accessions, i.e., Lokal Landih, Barak Bayung Gede, Putih Bayung Gede (Karo), Lokal Bangli, Barak Keliki Kintamani, Pengootan, Berondong Lokal, Kuning/Panes Daup, Injin Daup, Bali Malet Gusti, Barak Belok Sidan, and Ketan Belok Sidan and one high-yielding and drought-resistant cultivar (Lamuru) underwent evaluation, and they laid between Jaccard similarity coefficients of 0.28 and 0.65.

The experiment proceeded in the Telafer site during the year 2022, with two seasons (spring and autumn) to study two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Furat and Dijla) and eight levels of fertilizers (control treatment, 120 kg N₁₅P₁₅K₁₅ ha^-1 of traditional compound fertilizer, 1.5 and 3 g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer, 1 and 2 ml liter^-1 of Optimum Plus organic fertilizer, 1.5g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer + 1 ml liter^-1 of organic fertilizer, and 3 g liter^-1 of N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nano fertilizer + 2ml liter^-1 of organic fertilizer) on yield traits of the maize grain. The research employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using the s p li t-pl o t system, with the cultivars placed in the main plots, and the fertilizers in the secondary plots. Results indicated that the Furat cultivar excelled in all yield trai t s in the two seasons, except for the weight of the cob and the w e ig h t of 500 g r a i n s in the autumn season; cultivar Dijla was superior in the biological yield for the two seasons. As for the fertilizers, the treatment 2ml L^-1 of the organic fertilizer achieved the highest rate in all studied traits for both seasons, except for the traits cob weight and biological yield, where the treatment was superior in 3 g L^-1 of the N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ nanofertilizer. The interaction showed significant differences in all studied traits of maize in both seasons.

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), cultivars, organic fertilizer, NPK, nano fertilizer, foliar application, grain yield

Key findings: The possibility of replacing costly and field-strained ground fertilization with cheaper and more efficient foliar fertilization to grain yield and its components and its reflection on productivity and the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars significantly impacted these traits.

A laboratory experiment studied the effects of the green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) aqueous extract at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 ppm on the germination and growth traits of the mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), carried out in 2021 at the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that Camellia sinensis green tea extracts played a vital role by significantly boosting all the examined characteristics compared with the control treatment. The aqueous extract of Green tea at concentrations of 10 and 20 ppm gave the best performance in increasing germination rates, germination speed, plant promoter indicator, and seedling strength compared with the control treatment. Meanwhile, the concentration of 30 ppm indicated a significant increase in the shoot length, root system, carbohydrates, proteins, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) compared with other concentrations used and control treatment.

Keywords: Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract, germination, growth traits, antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, carbohydrates, proteins, proline

Key findings: Using natural environmentally friendly materials ,They do not have aharmful effect on humans ,they contain antioxidants.

The Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Bioreactor’s performance in cultivation for several commercial potato cultivars became the prevailing study’s review focus. The experiment in a split-plot design had two factors. The first factor comprised the type of culture system (conventional and TIS Bioreactor) treatment used as main plots. The second factor was the four potato cultivars (Atlantic Malang, Dayang Sumbi, Granola L., and Maglia) used as subplots. The TIS Bioreactor culture has the highest average in all studied variables compared with conventional cultures at the multiplication stage. In the TIS Bioreactor, potato cultivar Dayang Sumbi excelled in the number of axillary branching and number of primary roots. At the same time, genotype Granola L. surpassed the height of the plantlets of other cultivars. Meanwhile, the cultivar Atlantic Malang shone in the number of nodes, with Maglia in the number of leaves. Using the TIS Bioreactor produces microshoots with more nodes and can be beneficial as a propagation organ. The Dayang Sumbi cultivar was superior to all other potato cultivars.

Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivars, conventional in vitro, TIS Bioreactor, microshoots, axillary shoots, number of nodes

Key findings: The Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Bioreactor can be advantageous as an alternative to the cultivation system to maximize the productivity of plantlets and microtubers of several potato cultivars, which is beneficial. The success of increasing the axillary branching and the number of internodes through the TIS system will encourage an increase in the production of microshoots as one of the primary seed sources.

The prevailing study aimed to determine the effects of organic fertilizer Libro with four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 ml L^-1) and the growth retardant Cultar with three concentrations (0, 0.03, and 0.05 mg L^-1) on Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), carried out in 2022 at the University of Anbar, Iraq. The results revealed that the treatment of plants with organic fertilizer Libro at a concentration of 3 ml L^-1 led to a significant increase in most of the vegetative growth characteristics represented by the plant density rate, nitrogen, phosphorus, color degree, and the degree of trampling tolerance 2.500, respectively. The treatment with a growth retardant represented by Cultar reduced cutting times to 2.000.

Keywords: Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.), organic fertilizer, Cultar, Libro, biochemical traits

Key findings: The results showed that organic fertilizer Libro at a concentration of 3 ml L^-1 led to a significant increase in most vegetative growth characteristics, viz., plant density rate, nitrogen, phosphorus, color degree, and the trampling tolerance degree of Bermuda grass. The growth retardant Cultar reduced the number of cutting times.

Zonal technology treatment of the soil system for rice cultivation comprised various operations carried out with tillage equipment types in the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. With the region’s agriculture sector having a low technical base, the performance of these operations is mostly meager, which does not justify itself in the modern conditions of the agro-industrial complex’s functioning. The presented studies sought to determine the influence of different tillage tools on the soil’s plowing quality, agrophysical properties, and rice productivity, carried out at the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Rice Growing, named after I. Zhakhaev, Kazakhstan. The study observed the use of a “Lemken Juwel-7 reversible plough” contributed to achieving a ridge ratio of 1.09 due to the uniform size and shape of the layers. The reversible plough provided the smallest area occupied by clods bigger than 5 cm (0.16 m²). Notably, fall-plowed soil disking, mineral fertilizers’ incorporation, followed by soil rolling under rice with the BDM-‘Agro’ disk harrow and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator positively affected the structural and aggregate composition of the soil before rice planting. Using the Lemken Juwel 7 reversible plough and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator in the meadow-boggy soil treatment system contributed an average increase of 0.71 t/ha in rice yield under the environmental conditions of Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. Employing these tillage units makes obtaining the maximum amount of agrotechnical soil fractions possible, positively affecting the field germination of seeds and rice grain yield.

Keywords: Rice, soil system, tillage equipment, structural and aggregate composition of soil, structural coefficient, tillage tools, yield

Key findings: Results revealed the most effective field practice was autumn plowing with the reversible plow of the ‘Lemken Juwel 7 type,’ disk plowing and mineral fertilizers’ incorporation, and rolling of the field with BDM-‘Agro’ and Horsch Terrano FX cultivators in the Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan, for all the studied variants for cultivating rice on meadow-marsh soils. These tillage units provided the maximum amount of agronomically valuable fractions in the surface layer of the ground, positively affecting rice seed germination and yield. However, other tillage methods considerably reduced agronomically beneficial segments.

The suitable research aims to ascertain the optimum dose of mineral fertilizers and methods of soil processing and preparation for successful flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivation in the semi-arid conditions of the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, focusing on achieving high crop productivity with good seed quality. Agrochemical investigations also employed modern devices and widely accepted methods. Studying parameters, such as total humus, labile humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, soil composition density, structural-aggregate composition, and moisture supply, ensued using specific techniques. The study observed an enhancement in nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, from an initial level of 11–19 mg/kg to 36–91 mg/kg during flax harvest in all experimental variants. On the contrary, the mobile phosphorus exhibited a decline in the soil from the beginning of crop vegetation until harvest; however, determining the available phosphorus in different practices showed medium, high, higher, and very high. Moreover, a decline in exchangeable potassium content (from 344–446 mg/kg to 175–215 mg/kg) emerged during the flax crop across all the experimental variants. The application of mineral fertilizers NPK at the rate of 60:60:30, with the application of a growth regulator Ecorost at the rate of 2 liters per ton of seeds, and employing a flat-cut treatment (10–12 cm) on light chestnut soil in the semi-arid zone with super dry season of Almaty Region, resulted in the highest flax yield in cv. Karabalykskaya (410 kg/ha).

Keywords: Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mineral fertilizers, plowing, flat-cut tillage, zero tillage, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, productive moisture, productivity

Key findings: The presented research comprising flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) culture, used different doses of mineral fertilizers with varying tillage. The effect of tillage methods and application of mineral fertilizers on agrophysical and agrochemical indicators of soil and linseed yield were promising.

Maize (Zea mays L.) field experiments commenced during crop season 2022 at the Experimental Farm, Al-Mahnawiya, Extension Training Center, Babylon, Iraq. The study examined the impacts of water stress tolerance on four maize cultivars’ AP2 gene expression, physiology, and yield. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. Four irrigation treatments applied on the main plots comprised 1) full irrigation (control), 2) withholding irrigation during elongation (Gs-V7), 3) non-irrigation during grain-filling (Gs-R2), and 4) suppressing irrigation during both elongation and grain-filling (Gs-V7+R2). The subplots included four maize cultivars: Furat, Dijlah, ZP, and Konsens. The results showed that withholding water during maize plants’ elongation stage (GS-V7) significantly reduced leaf water and chlorophyll content. However, withholding irrigation increased peroxidase and catalase enzyme concentrations significantly. Suppressing irrigation at the elongation stage (GS-V7) and the elongation and grain-filling stages (GS-V7+R2) resulted in a considerable drop in cycle threshold (CT) values, with average CT values of 31.68 and 31.69 cycles, respectively. The AP2 gene expression and CT values indicated a negative correlation. The study found that the AP2 gene increases maize’s water stress tolerance, and the gene expression in maize cultivar “Furat” confirms this. Maize cultivar Furat achieved recommendations for cultivation in desert regions because of its superior ability to survive and adapt.

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), AP2 gene expression, water stress tolerance, irrigation regimes, physiological traits, chlorophyll content, peroxidase and catalase enzymes, grain yield

Key findings: Based on the presented study, the AP2 gene presence and expression enhances maize (Zea mays L.) genotype water stress tolerance. In the maize cultivar Furat, the said AP2 gene expression was favorable, which increases its water stress tolerance and, thus, attained recommendations as an ideal maize cultivar for desert areas.

Research on appropriate leaf positions in diverse sugarcane genotypes is crucial due to the significance of leaf anatomical characteristics in determining plant adaptability. This study aimed to compare the anatomical traits among the varied leaf positions within a tiller and tillers under normal conditions. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) setup used four replications. Four commercial canes, two wild types, and three F₁ interspecific hybrids underwent examination on leaf thickness (LT), cuticle thickness percentage (CT%), vertical length bulliform cell percentage (VBC%), and stomatal crypt depth percentage (SCD%) across 1^st to 5^th leaf positions on main, first, and second tillers. The 1^st to 5^th leaf positions had no differences when compared within the tiller in commercial and wild cultivars for LT, CT%, VBC%, and SCD% traits, and F₁ hybrids demonstrated no variation in CT% and VBC% traits. The LT, SCD, and CT of commercial canes had a high proportion, and VBC had a slender shape and a large size. Inversely, the wild type had a low LT but high SCD and CT and a circular shape with a small size VBC. Leaf anatomy in the F₁ hybrid resembled the wild type, and leaf positions 1^st to 3^rd were not different among tillers, but the 4^th and 5^th leaf positions differed. Therefore, anatomical trait collection should continue among 1^st to 3^rd leaf positions for all sugarcane types. Moreover, the 1^st to 3^rd leaf positions within the 1^st and 2^nd tillers can represent the anatomical performance of the main tiller in commercial cane cultivars.

Keywords: Leaf position, leaf divergence, bulliform cells, stomatal crypt depth, leaf sequences

Key findings: The 1^st to 3^rd leaf positions for all sugarcane types can help to investigate drought resistance traits in the leaf anatomy. There were no differences among tiller sequences of 1^st to 3^rd leaf positions in commercial cane cultivars.

The evaluation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar leaves belonging to different exotic and local genotypes for physiological traits, viz., chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments, and concentration of total pigments transpired spectrophotometrically. The exotic sunflower genotypes used in the study consisted of 9859 (USA), 30837 (Australia), 33673 (France), 9843 and 30835 (Turkey), 9853 and 9848 (Russia), and a local cultivar Jakhongir (Uzbekistan). In the budding phase, the exotic accession 33673 (France) showed higher contents of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total pigments (17.8 ± 0.55, 6.61 ± 0.40, 5.82 ± 0.19, and 24.47 ± 0.95 mg/ml, respectively). For the flowering phase, exotic genotype 30835 (Turkey) excelled for chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total pigments concentration (17.10 ± 0.37, 6.31 ± 0.24, 5.42 ± 0.24, and 23.41 ± 0.55 mg/ml, respectively). In the ripening phase, the amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were 16.64 ± 0.84 and 5.82 ± 0.12 mg/ml, respectively, in genotype 9853 (Russia), and chlorophyll b and total pigments correspond to 6.04 ± 0.33 mg/ml and 21.19 ± 0.57 mg/ml in the local cultivar Jakhongir. No significant quantitative variations were evident for nitrogen content and total protein content in sunflower genotype seeds. However, higher values of total protein content (21.8%) manifested in the exotic genotypes, i.e., 30837 (Australia), 33673 (France), and 9848 (Russia). During 2021, the seed oil content ranged from 31.9% ± 0.51% to 54.4% ± 0.87%, while the highest oil content (54.4% ± 0.87%) emerged in genotype 9853 (Russia). In 2022 planting, the sunflower seeds’ highest fat content percentage surfaced in sample 9848 (Russia), 53.99% ± 0.14%. In addition, genotype 9853 (Russia) also contained various micro-macro elements, i.e., Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba, compared with the rest of the sunflower genotypes.

Keywords: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), spectrophotometer, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, general pigment, protein, budding, flowering and ripening phases, micro-macro elements

Key findings: The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exotic and local genotypes revealed varied values of physiological traits, viz., chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments, and concentration of total pigments analyzed spectrophotometrically. Nitrogen and total protein content showed no significant differences among all the sunflower genotypes.