Citation: Khanishova MA, Azizov IV (2023). Evaluation of interspecific wheat hybrids (T. Durum × T. Aestivum) for spike-related traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(2): 291-297. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.2.2.
Summary
The presented study analyzed the inheritance via heterosis of interspecific F1 hybrids between durum and bread wheat over better parents and ratios of dominance for spike-related traits affecting their productivity and transmission to future segregating populations. The research transpired in the crop seasons of 2017–-2019 at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. The hybridization program used eight durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) genotypes, i.e., Shark, Karabagh, Barakatli-95, Tartar, Garagilciıg-2, Vugar, Mirbashir- 50, and Shiraslan-23, and 13 bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, viz., Mirbashir-128, Kyrmyzygul-1, Gobustan, Layaqatli, Kyzyl Bughda, Gunashli, Taleh-38, Sheki-1, Murov, Nurlu-99, Aran, and two foreign cultivars Bezostaya-1 (Russia) and Dagdash (Turkey) to generate 24 interspecific F1 hybrids. Studying the heterosis over better parents and degree of dominance in these interspecific F1 hybrids compared their performance with parental genotypes for spike-related traits, i.e., spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, and grain weight per spike. In the F1 interspecific hybrids’ evaluation, the recorded desirable positive heterosis over better parents and dominance ratios appeared in cross combinations, i.e., Barakatli-95 × Gobustan, Karabagh × Mirbashir-128, Karabagh × Shark, Sheki-1 × Gobustan, Murov × Daghdash, Nurlu-99 × Layaqatli, Gobustan × Sheki-1, and Mirbashir-50 × Shiraslan-23 for spike-related traits. However, the F1 hybrid Garabagh × Gobustan revealed negative heterosis and depression for yield-related traits.
Interspecific wheat hybrids (T. durum × T. aestivum), parental genotypes, heterosis, dominance, spike-related traits, productivity
The study identified the promising durum by bread wheat F1 hybrids in terms of heterotic and dominance effects over better parents for yield indicators that can benefit future breeding work to obtain high-yielding wheat genotypes.
S.P. MAKHMADJANOV, L.A. TOKHETOVA, N.M. DAURENBEK, A.M. TAGAEV, and A.K. KOSTAKOV
Citation: Makhmadjanov SP, Tokhetova LA, Daurenbek NM, Tagaev AM, Kostakov AK (2023). Cotton advanced lines assessment in the Southern Region of Kazakhstan. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(2): 279-290. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.2.1.
Summary
The Turkestan region is a cotton-growing zone in South Kazakhstan, but also the northernmost cotton-growing area in the world. Annually, medium-staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation occurs on 115,000–125,000 ha, with 80,000–85,000 ha grown in the Districts of Maktaaral and Zhetysay, Kazakhstan. This region is highly susceptible to salinity, drought, invasion of dangerous pests (cotton budworm, beet borer, spider mites, and aphids), and diseases (fusarium blight [wilt] and gummosis). An extremely high salt content and aridity in the arable soil are the main limiting factors of that region, hence, genotype selection through genetic principles is the most effective and economical way to reduce their negative impacts on vegetation. Therefore, the research on developing resistant cotton cultivars suitable for such soil and climatic conditions is most relevant. Considering the above situation, assessment of newly developed high-yielding cotton cultivars with fiber quality of types III–IV for tolerance to heat and drought, salinization, and pests and diseases ensued during 2019, 2020, and 2021 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Cotton and Melon Growing, Atakent, Kazakhstan. Their promising cotton genotypes resulted from strains developed through intraspecific and interspecific diallel hybridization. The newly developed eight cotton cultivars, grown on more than 92% of the hectarage in the Southern region of Kazakhstan, are PA-3031, PA-3044, M-4005, M-4007, M-4011, Bereke-07, Myrzashol-80, and M-4017.
Long-time and extensive breeding work developed highly productive cotton cultivars of medium-staple size, grown only for 118–122 days, with a high rate of boll retention and opening, fiber yield (38.0%–39.4%), and fiber quality of type IV-IV that meets the requirements of the textile industry. In the cultivars’ testing program, promising cotton cultivars, i.e., Maktaaral-4003, Maktaaral- 4006, Maktaaral-4015, and Maktaaral-4017, excelled the standard cultivar in almost all the parameters. These cotton genotypes are sources of economically valuable traits widely used in longterm hybridization programs.
Citation: Khan SH, Aslam M, Bibi A, Khan HZ (2023). GGE biplot analysis for zinc quality and yield stability of exotic maize hybrids. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 268-278. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.25.
Summary
Zinc deficiency is one of the major causes of malnutrition in the communities due to the consumption of zinc-deficient staple food. With accessibility and affordability, biofortification is an agricultural intervention beneficial for all the stakeholders involved as any actor. A total of 16 exotic zinc biofortified maize hybrids developed at different maize research stations of CIMMYT got introduced and evaluated across three separate locations in major maize growing areas of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), i.e., Faisalabad, Sahiwal, and Nowshera. The decision to introduce exotic zinc-enriched maize germplasm in Pakistan, in collaboration with CIMMYT, Mexico, came from the findings of a related research work—evaluation of diverse indigenous maize germplasm; however, none of the entry qualified for suggested biofortification standard, i.e., 33 mg/kg zinc. Introducing exotic material depends upon its yield stability in the new environment. Therefore, stability analysis is mandatory. Using genotype and genotype into environment (GGE) biplot analysis found the GEI (genotype × environment interaction). Exotic hybrids G16, G4, and G1 performed superior and stable in test environments for studied traits, especially for average grain yield per plant and grain zinc content. These three hybrids gained strong\ recommendations for introduction in Pakistan.
Key findings: All tested environments differently influenced NGPR, ASI, and GY forming three mega-environments. Exotic zinc biofortified hybrids G16, G4, and G1 were stable and best performing for studied traits, especially average grain yield per plant and grain zinc content across locations. Abbreviations: PH: plant height (cm), EH: ear height (cm), DT: days to tasseling, DS: days to silking, ASI: anthesis silking interval, EL: Ear length (cm), NRPC: number of rows per cob, NGPR: number of grains per rows, GY: average grain yield per plant (g), TGW: thousand grain weight (g), Zn: grain zinc content (mg/kg), and FW: Field weight (g). PC= Principal Component, ZmZIP = Zea mays Zinc regulated transporter, iron regulated transporter-like protein, ZmNAS5 = Zea mays Nicotianamine Synthase, and CIMMYT: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
R.M. MOHSIN, K.N. ABD ASAL, A.A. KAMALUDDIN, and A.A. ZAKY
Citation: Mohsin RM, Abd Asal KN, Kamaluddin AA, Zaky AA (2023). Genotypes and storage duration effects on the quality of cut flower – gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 260-267. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.24.
Summary
Studies on cut flowers have occurred, for improving their quality is the main priority. One of the top 10 cut flowers in the world, the gerbera, or Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), is a flowering plant. The presented study aimed to investigate the effect of genotypes, storage duration, and their interactions on the quality of cut flower – Transvaal daisy. Two cultivars of Gerbera (sweet smile and sweet surprise) and their four storage durations underwent examination on the various parameters of vase life and carbohydrates. The results exhibited that the cultivar ‘Sweet smile’ had exceptional values of the studied parameters compared with the cultivar ‘Sweet surprise.’ The treatment of seven days with dry-cool storage proved superior upon 14- and 21-day treatments (11.71, 11.05, and 5.94, respectively) and had the highest positive effects on vase life and flower carbohydrate content compared with the other two storage treatments. The treatment of zero days (non-stored flowers) was significantly superior to seven-day storage. The interactions of cultivars and storage durations gave the highest effect in reducing the depletion of the carbohydrates content in cultivars with zero days, increasing the flower’s vase life. Therefore, the highest values recorded for the cultivar Sweet smile are zero days, followed by seven days of storage, compared with the rest of the treatments.
Key finding: For gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), the highest desirable values emerged for the cultivar, Sweet smile, at zero days, followed by seven days of storage compared with other treatments. Sucrose is widely used in floral preservation, while cold storage facilitates conservation.
Citation: Al-Nema QS, Abdullah RM (2023). Propagation protocol of the medicinal plant – aloe vera using tissue culture. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 254-259. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.23.
Summary
Aloe vera is one of the most popular cactus-type plants in the global market due to its widespread uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and decorative purposes. The present study derived callus cultures from the Aloe vera plant leaves, then reproduced on agar-solidified MS medium from June to December 2021 at the University of Mosul, Iraq. Results revealed that the MS medium + 3.0 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA) proved suitable for induction of leaf callus up to 85%, while the MS medium supplement with 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 BA reached 70%. The MS medium with 1.0 mg L-1 BA showed the best results for growing apical shoots of A. vera plants and producing vegetative branches. The formation of roots emerged within two weeks after placing them on the rooting medium. The shoots regenerated from the growing apices and were rooted easily in agar-solidified MS medium. The obtained plants attained successful acclimatization in terms of their growth and length, afterward, transferred to the peat-moss mixture.
Key finding: The study aimed to identify the behavior of Aloe vera plants in the culture medium represented by the formation of callus cultures and their differentiation.
Citation: Hieu PV, Toan TB (2023). Agricultural development based on CRISPR-CAS9 and Retrons techniques: A perspective application on tomato. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 237-253. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.22.
Summary
Plant breeding has recently become a vital process in developing desired crop plants. Advances in genetic engineering occur more quickly than ever, with several crops generally created through traditional and modern techniques resulting in increased biomass and phytochemical compounds and adapted to the detrimental environment, such as biotic and abiotic stresses. More precisely, thousands of plant species gained enhancements suitable to various climatic and topographic conditions through genome editing; hence, people’s dreams soon became a reality by implementing biotechnology to study many well-established fundamental grounds. Beliefs that biotechnology will progressively develop are happening in various aspects of modern sciences for crop development to be implemented based on genetic material. Besides the aforementioned benefits, this review manuscript will describe the progress of genome editing like CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) with its modification and Retrons in crops and then determine its beneficial effects, which are more valuable through the application of these methods in crop development. The review further aims to assess the perspective application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the development strategies of virus-resistant tomatoes.
Key findings: The present review insights on describing the development of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons techniques and the benefits of its notable effects showed more valuable through the application on crop development. A prospective application on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons technique in the development strategies for virus-resistance tomato also needs a concern.
Citation: Al-Kurtany AES, Ali SAM, Oleawy MF (2023). Tomato seedling production using an inoculum prepared with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) isolates SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 230-236. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.21.
Summary
A study to attain healthy tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seedlings through environment-friendly natural biological products took place from January to March 2022. Determining the effects of the inoculum prepared from five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates, i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Kineococcus radiotolerans on the production of tomato seedlings, experiments proceeded at the Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq. The isolates underwent screening for their efficiency as a biostimulant to dissolve insoluble phosphate compounds and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and chelating compounds. The results showed the ability of all the isolates to produce IAA, chelating compounds, and solubility of phosphates. The P. fluorescens isolate showed superior in its phosphate solubilization and IAA production (41.30 mg p-1, 13.00 mg ml-1), followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans, respectively, with the production of medium chelating compounds. The results also showed the superiority of the inoculated treatments over the non-inoculated treatments in the percentage and speed of germination, the length of tomato seedlings, the shoot dry weight, the number of leaves per plant, and root weight parts. The treatments with P. fluorescens displayed significant superiority in all studied traits, followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans.
Key findings: The inoculum prepared from bacteria P. fluorescens proved superior over the rest of the bacterial species. Hence, highly recommended for adoption to produce healthy seedlings of tomato by relying on the biological inoculum.
To cite this manuscript: Sabra DM, Reda AM, El-Shawy EA, El-Refaee YZ, Abdelraouf RE (2023). Improving barley production under deficient irrigation water and mineral fertilizers conditions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 211-229. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.20.
Summary
Scarcity in irrigation water led to a gradual increase in water stress, consequently causing a decrease in dry matter, nitrogen uptake, productivity, and the protein content of barley. During two growing seasons, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, two field experiments ensued to improve barley production in sandy soil under a deficit of irrigation water. The statistical analysis helped recommend the best factors to achieve maximum benefit with barley production under dry conditions and nitrogen mineral fertilizers. The significant variations occurred when irrigating with 60% full irrigation only, but were nonsignificant when irrigating with 80% full irrigation. Increasing the number of mineral fertilization doses to nine times resulted in higher nitrogen concentrations and availability inside the root-spreading area for the longest possible period without washing outside the root-spreading area by deep percolation than when given with three doses only. Irrigating with 80% full irrigation and nine dosages of mineral fertilization obtained the highest and best yield values. It resulted in a 20% reduction in irrigation water use and increased nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness through repeated application doses, resulting in increased productivity and less groundwater pollution. The simulation model received SALTMED model values with high accuracy for most of the studied traits; the R2 was not less than 0.97; therefore, it can function well under sandy soil conditions, which suffer from water scarcity.
Keywords: Deficit irrigation, fertilization doses, SALTMED model, soil moisture, water stress, water productivity, barley
Key findings: The low productivity of barley crops results in less irrigation water. Saving 20% of irrigation water happened with nonsignificant differences in productivity values when irrigating 100% or 80% of full irrigation occurred. Increasing the frequency of fertilizing doses leads to higher productivity values. Using the SALTMED Model gave high accuracy in simulating actual results.
SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, B.M. AMANGALIEV, E.K. ZHUSSUPBEKOV, L.K. TABYNBAYEVA, M. BATYRBEK, А.T. RAIYMBEKOVA, S. MEMON, and S.A. MEMON
To cite this manuscript: Bastaubayeva SO, Amangaliev BM, Zhussupbekov EK, Tabynbayeva LK, Batyrbek M, Raiymbekova AT, Memon S, Memon SA (2023). Irrigation and mineral fertilizer effects on physical properties of light chestnut soil used in the cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 202- 210. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.19.
Summary
This work studied the effect of irrigation and mineral fertilizers on the physical properties of light chestnut soil used in cultivating sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The experiment happened in 2021 on an irrigated field with an area of 2 ha in the territory of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, District Karasai, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. A sugar beet hybrid (obtained from domestic selection ‘Aksu’ and foreign selection ‘Yampol’) cultivation used four levels of mineral fertilizers, i.e., 0:0:0 (control), 90:90:60, 120:120:90, and 150:150:120 NPK kg ha-1. During the sugar beet growing season, all periods of observations recorded an increase in the bulk density in the upper, middle, and lower soil layers, from 1.14–1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31–1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm soil layers decreased from the germination phase to harvesting of sugar beet in extensive technology (10.0%–15.7%) and intensive technologies (2.3%–13.1%). In these soil layers, the number of water-stable aggregates decreased from the beginning of renewal to the end of the growing season of sugar beet in technology without the use of fertilizers (2.9%–6.4%) and in technologies with the application of mineral fertilizers (1.6%–7.6%). In the soil layers, the noted highest content of productive moisture occurred in the phase of closing the leaves in the rows with the extensive technology of sugar beet cultivation (51.5–213.2 mm). Irrigation during the sugar beet growing season reduces the content of agronomically-valuable and water-stable aggregates in soil layers to the minimum values for harvesting in technology without the use of fertilizers (50.5%–54.4% and 12.9%–14.2%) and technology with the use of mineral fertilizers (52.3%–54.4% and 10.9%–13.5%), respectively.
Keywords: Sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.), light chestnut soil, soil layers, soil aggregates, mineral fertilizers, productive moisture, bulk density
Key findings: During the growing season of sugar beet, an increase in bulk density in the upper, middle and lower layers of the soil was observed for all observation periods from 1.14-1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31-1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the soil layers of 0-10 cm, 10- 20 cm and 20-30 cm decreased from the germination phase to the harvesting of sugar beet by extensive technology (10.0-15.7%) and intensive technology (2.3-13.1%).
H. RAMZAN, M.A. TAHIR, G. SARWAR, N.U. SABAH, S. GUL, and M.Z. Manzoor
Citation: Ramzan H, Tahir MA, Sarwar G, Sabah NU, Gul S, Manzoor MZ (2023). Potassium application using the 4R nutrient stewardship approach for improving wheat growth and yield traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 187-201. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.18.
Summary
Potassium (K) plays a key role in numerous plant metabolic processes, and its adequate amount is necessary for proper plant growth and development. Imbalanced fertilizer application has rapidly depleted the soil available K and harmed crops. However, the science-based K application in crops must follow the 4R nutrient stewardship approach to enhance crop yields. Therefore, a planned pot study used the 4R nutrient management technique for wheat potassium management. The evaluation of two wheat cultivars (Punjab-2008 and Barani-2011) employed two commercial K sources (MOP and SOP) with different application methods (basal and foliar) and sowing times (15 October, 15 November, and 15 December). The wheat variety Punjab-2008 performed better in root and shoot length, fresh biomass, and grain yield between 15 October and 15 November. Meanwhile, the Barani-2011, sown on 15 November, produced higher total chlorophyll contents and water use efficiency (WUE). The use of SOP (high dose), MOP (medium to high dose), and foliar spray of SOP at 1.5% and 3% resulted in maximum shoot length and the root-to-shoot ratio for both tested cultivars. Punjab-2008 produced higher grain yield when applied with a high SOP level than a high level of MOP. Similarly, a maximum leaf area index and proline contents observed in Punjab-2008 occurred with a high level of SOP applied. In contrast, a higher net photosynthesis rate and WUE emerged in Barani-2011 under a medium SOP level and a higher level of MOP. Thus, the conclusion is that medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition for improving yield parameters of wheat cultivars.
Key findings: The K fertilizer application using the 4R stewardship approach improved wheat crop quality and yield attributes. As observed, the medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition in helping improve yield parameters of wheat cultivars. Punjab-2008 performed better in wheat growth and yield attributes, while Barani-2011 found it efficient for physiological and biochemical traits. However, both cultivars gave the best results when sown on 15th November.