Soybean is an essential protein and oilseed crop, but environmental factors, such as photoperiod and altitude, highly influence its growth. Poor adaptability of soybean cultivars may result in a significant decrease in seed yield due to disruption of flowering or maturity. It is, therefore, vital to select cultivars adapted to specific regions of the world. Global climate change, causing increasing temperature and associated water deficit stress, may further challenge sustainable soybean production worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to understand genetic responses in soybeans induced by environmental variables. This review highlights previous research showing how several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) activated by photo-thermal responses affected soybean flowering. We discuss cytogenetic stocks, including chromosome segment substitution lines, and their role in introgressing novel genes from wild soybeans. A review of genes showing responses to various environmental variables that affect soybean adaptability is also ensued, with putative functions suggested. These include gene response regulation to temperature and heat stress, identified via genetic mapping, and emerged as tools for developing adapted soybean cultivars.

Keywords: Chromosome segment substitution lines, environmental adaptation, global climate change, soybean (Glycine max)

Key findings: Soybean is highly adaptable and may be an option to meet the demands of a growing global population in changing climate. Genetic and genomic resources exist to allow quick identification and exploitation of valuable allelic diversity. This review presents these resources and suggests efficient ways of applying them to increase abiotic stress resistance in soybeans.

The present aimed to study the effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer levels (0, 40, and 80 kg P ha^-1) on the growth and productivity of the Spanish and Turkish faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars, carried out in 2021–2022 at the Kirkuk, Iraq. The results showed that 80 kg P ha^-1 significantly influenced the growth and yield traits of faba bean, i.e., branches plant^-1, pod length, pods plant^-1, seeds plant^-1, seeds’ weight pod^-1, one-seed weight, 100-seed weight, seed yield plant^-1, and seed yield ha^-1. The Turkish faba bean cultivar performed better than the Spanish cultivar for yield-related traits. Interaction between phosphorus fertilizer levels and cultivars influenced all studied traits substantially, except days to 50% flowering and plant height. Correlation analysis showed that seed yield was significantly and positively correlated with branches plant^-1, pod length, pods plant^-1, seeds pod^-1, seeds plant^-1, seed weight pod^-1, one-seed weight, 100-seed weight, and seed yield plant^-1. Regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between seed yield and its components under phosphorus fertilizer levels. Turkish cultivar responded better to phosphorus fertilizer and performed superbly compared to Spanish cultivar. Therefore, the faba bean Turkish cultivar with 80 kg P ha^-1 fertilization could be recommendable for getting higher faba-bean seed yield.

Keywords: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), cultivars, phosphate fertilizer, growth and yield-related traits, correlation coefficient, regression analysis

Key findings: The Turkish cultivar of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) performed better for yield-related traits than the Spanish cultivar. The phosphate fertilizer at 80 kg P ha^-1 significantly excelled over other levels and performed better for most growth and yield-related traits. However, phosphorus fertilizer levels showed nonsignificant differences for days to 50% flowering, plant height, and seeds pod^-1.

The presented study sought to determine the foliar application of potassium nitrate effects and addition of black tea leaf wastage to soil on the biochemical qualities (zinc, protein, oil percentage, and carbohydrate) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the content of NH₄N, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, and pH of the soil. The pot experiment commenced in the spring of 2022 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement having two factors and four replications in Al-Hindia city, Kerbala, Iraq. The first factor was a potassium nitrate compound comprising three levels (control, 1000, and 3000 g 1000 l^-1), and the second factor was black tea leaf waste mixed with soil in four doses (control, 25, 45, and 55 g 1000 l^-1). The results showed the impact of black tea wastes mixed with the soil of higher significance, increasing the NH₄N, Na, Mg, Ca, and Cl to 29.28 mg kg^-1, 3.75, 3.88, 5.88, and 6.79 mm l^-1, respectively, and higher impact in reducing the soil pH (7.54) at a concentration of 55 g 1000 l^-1). The black tea leaf waste (55 g 1000 l^-1) helped raise the treated wheat’s zinc, protein, oil, and carbohydrate percentages. The foliar application of potassium nitrate compound (3000 g 1000 l^-1) considerably affected increasing the proportion of zinc, protein, and oil in wheat grains.

Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., potassium nitrate, black tea leaf waste, zinc, protein, oil percentage, carbohydrates

Key findings: Black tea wastes mixed with high-quality soil increased the NH₄N, Na, Mg, Ca, and Cl of the soil to 29.28 mg kg^-1, 3.75, 3.88, 5.88, and 6.79 mm l^-1, respectively, and highly impacted reducing the soil pH (7.54) at a concentration of 55 g 1000 l^-1). Black tea leaf waste (55 g 1000 l^-1) also boosted the wheat’s zinc, protein, oil, and carbohydrate content. The potassium nitrate compound (3000 g 1000 l^-1) foliar application increased wheat grain’s zinc, protein, and oil concentrations.

An experiment on ginger (Zingiber officinale L.) commenced in 2020 using the plant growth incubator of the Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Wasit, Iraq. The study aimed to investigate the effects of mineral sulfur fertilizer at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 ml/l, and nano-sulfur with concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml/l on the plant height, the number of leaves, leaf content of total chlorophyll, leaf area, the tannin of plant, phytic acid, and essential oil of the ginger rhizome. It was evident that a single use of the previously mentioned variables significantly impacted ginger’s vegetative characteristics and chemical composition, particularly at high concentrations. Using the two-way interactions obtained distinct results. The treatment design was a factorial experiment (5 m × 5 m × 3 m) in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The study revealed significant enhancement in all attributes, whether the morphological and biochemical content achieved the highest mineral sulfur and nano-sulfur fertilizer concentrations alone, or in combinations.

Keywords: Ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), mineral sulfur and nano-sulfur fertilizers, morphological traits, biochemical components, volatile oil

Key findings: In the ginger (Z. officinale L.) plants, adding nano-sulfur fertilizer had a superior effect when in the nano state than in the metal ion sulfur and significantly improved the morphological and biochemical components.

This study sought to estimate the heavy elements, lead, iron, zinc, manganese, cadmium, and copper in cultivated and uncultivated soils of Basrah, Iraq. Results showed that the concentration of elements in all locations was within permissible limits on surface layers, which were higher in concentration than in deep layers due to the elements’ internal transport, natural, some physical and chemical properties, i.e., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic matter (OM). The soil acidity ranged between 7.70–7.25 and 7.88–7.25 for cultivated and uncultivated soils, respectively. As for the electrical conductivity, it has a range between 2.70–10.16 and 3.13–23 dS.m^-1 Organic matter extended between 0.269–1.500 and 0.349–0.816. The elements in cultivated soils were lesser than in the uncultivated grounds. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results at the 5% significance level showed no remarkable differences in the concentration of the studied elements, while significant variations appeared in the copper content.

Keywords: Pollution agricultural soil, trace elements, organic matter

Key findings: All element values studied in the agricultural soil were within natural limits due to a concentration increase in some elements, especially iron, compared with uncultivated soils, while lead showed no effect. The unit concentration in the cultivated soils in Basra City was lower than in international soils. The elements’ concentration in soil is as follows: Iron > manganese > copper > cadmium > zinc > lead.

A field experiment materialized during the winter of 2022 at the College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, to determine the effect of foliar spraying of several concentrations of NPK and amino acids on growth characteristics and yield of broccoli plants (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). The study implemented a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factorial experiments and three replications. The first factor included three concentrations of NPK (0, 1.5, and 2.5 g L^-1), and the second with three concentrations of amino acids (0, 1, and 2 ml L^-1). The findings demonstrated notable disparities, with the third concentration of NPK (2.5 g L^-1) exhibiting superior performance, giving a plant height of 63.78 cm, leaves per plant (18.076 leaves plant^-1), stem diameter (3.326 mm), flower disc weight per plant (510.84 g plant^-1), and the flower holder diameter (18.671 mm). Regarding the impact of amino acid, the concentration at 2 ml L-1 appeared with maximum values across traits, i.e., plant height (62.50 cm), number of leaves (17.477 leaf plant^-1), stem diameter (3.241 mm), flower disc weight (485.49 g), and the diameter of the flower container (15.972 mm). The interaction between the two factors displayed significant effects, with the highest interaction between the third concentration of NPK (2.5 g L^-1) and the concentration of amino acid (2 ml L^-1) arising in most traits.

Keywords: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea), NPK doses, amino acid, growth and yield traits

Key findings: In broccoli (Brassica oleracea), NPK at 2.5 g L^-1 provided better results than other doses for plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, floral disc weight, and flower stand diameter. Similarly, the highest averages for plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, floral disc weight, and flower stand diameter emerged with the amino acid at 2 ml L^-1.

This study investigated the effects of dry yeast and licorice on the growth and morphology of Stevia rebaudiana. The field experiment on Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under the wooden cover commenced in 2023 at the Department of Horticulture and Gardening Engineering, University of Tikrit, Iraq. Using three different amounts of ground licorice (0, 5, and 10 g) and three varied quantities of dry yeast (0, 2.5, and 5 g) became factors to assess the response of S. rebaudiana Bertoni to them. The highest ratios of plant height, number of leaves per plant, and leaf thickness had ratings at 55.20 cm, 729 leaves, and 0.370 mm, respectively. The results demonstrated that the treatments involving ground addition with licorice (10 g) were considerably superior. However, when adding the dry yeast to the ground up, the optimal ratios of the previously mentioned qualities rose to 87.04 cm, 737 leaves, and 0.620 mm, respectively. The results showed that the treatments significantly improved plant height, number of leaves, and a leaf’s thickness. The interaction between the dry yeast and licorice had the highest impact, resulting in a 97.50 cm plant height, 789 leaves, and 0.740 mm leaf thickness. These findings suggest that dry yeast and licorice combined can be eco-friendly fertilizers to promote Stevia growth.

Keywords: Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), nano bio-enriched, licorice and dry yeast, response, growth traits, leaf chlorophyll content, potassium

Key findings: By adding ground licorice (10 g) and dry yeast (5 g) to stevia plants, the highest plant height, number of leaves, and leaf thickness occurred with the interaction of these two factors, reaching maximum ratios of 97.50 cm, 789 leaves, and 0.740 mm, respectively.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the most renowned medicinal plants and a winter annual herbaceous long-day crop. The presented research on the chamomile (M. chamomilla L.) scrutinized the effects of using biostimulants (Bio health), mineral fertilizers (NPK), and phytoregulator (Kinetin) on the growth and active ingredients of chamomile plants and select the best combination of fertilizers and growth regulator for best results. The experiment commenced in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental treatments included three factors; the first factor was the biofertilizer with two levels (0 and 10 g L^-1), the second was NPK fertilizer addition with three levels (0, 300, and 500 kg ha^-1), and the third was the foliar spray of kinetin with three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L^-1). The hydro-distilled essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. underwent analysis by GC. The highest floral inflorescence (384.33 floral inflorescence plant^-1), inflorescence dry weight (0.11 g plant^-1), volatile oil (1.54%), and turpentine (13.33%) were distinct with the combination and interaction of the three factors, biofertilizer (10 g L^-1), NPK (300 kg ha^-1), and kinetin (50 mg L^-1).

Keywords: Biofertilizer, chamomile, NPK fertilizer, phytoregulator, turpentine, volatile oil

Key findings: The interaction and combined application of biological and mineral fertilizers along with kinetin provided fruitful and productive to meet the nutritional needs of the growth indicators and inflorescences, which boosted the medicinal importance of the chamomile plant.

The latest experiment on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) materialized during the spring of 2023 in the laboratories of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq. The study aimed to improve mung bean seed germination under water-stress conditions. It employed a completely randomized design (CRD) by organizing two factors with three replications. The first factor included water-stress treatments by adding Polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000) to the mung bean seeds, with three levels (0, -8, and -12 bar). The second factor included seed soaking for 24 h in three different concentrations of gibberellin acid (0, 125, and 250 mg L^-1). The results revealed that water stress significantly affected the properties of mung bean seedlings. The -8 bar water stress reduced the average seed germination ratio of mung bean (85.89%), root and plumule lengths (2.84 and 3.50 cm), seedling dry weight (0.010 mg), and strength (551.96). The gibberellin concentration of 250 mg L^-1 showed superiority in all traits. The interaction of stress treatments significantly affected the studied traits. The mung bean seed achieved a germination percentage of 100% when exposed to G3 treatment (250 ppm) compared with the treatment PEG-0, giving the lowest mean (93.67%). Therefore, the study concluded that gibberellin could better help in mung bean seed germination under drought conditions and increase the number of seedlings.

Keywords: Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), PEG 6000, water-stress conditions, gibberellin levels, seed germination, growth traits

Key findings: Water stress significantly affected the seedlings of mung beans (V. radiata L.). The PEG 6000 (-8 Bar) created the water-stress condition considerably, lowering the mung bean seed germination and seedling ratio, root and plumule lengths, seedling dry weight, and strength. However, gibberellin (250 mg L^-1) showed a significant superiority for all the above germination and growth traits in mung beans.

A field experiment transpired during the autumn of 2022 to study the effects of mineral fertilizer combinations and seaweed extract on maize growth and yield traits in Al-Hussainiya, Kerbala, Iraq. The research had a randomized completely block design (RCBD) arranged in split plots with three replications, where the main plots included seaweed extract (Algazone Mx30) with two concentrations (2 and 4 ml L^-1). The subplots included mineral fertilizer formulations of nitrogen (0, 150, and 300 kg ha^-1) and phosphorus fertilizers (0, 50, and 100 kg ha^-1). The maize cultivar ‘Maha’ was the sample used for the experiment. The results showed excellence in treatments, which represents seaweed extract with a concentration of 4 ml L^-1 combined with 150 N + 50 P giving better performance in plant height (188.82 cm), leaves plant^-1 (15.65), leaf area plant^-1 (5548.3 cm²), rows per ear (16.46), grains row^-1 (39.41), grain yield (10.74 t ha^-1), and protein concentration (13.81%) in grains. With the interaction of two study factors, the mineral fertilizer use had a 50% reduction because there was no significant difference between the two doses of NP, i.e., 150 N + 50 P and 300 N + 100 P kg ha^-1, and the seaweed extract (4 ml L^-1).

Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), seaweed extract, fertilizer combination, growth and yield-related traits, quality attributes

Key findings: A significant improvement in growth, yield, and quality traits of maize was evident due to the combined use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with the foliar application of seaweed extract (4 ml L^-1).