Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a major oilseed crop known for its adaptability to diverse agroclimatic conditions in South Asia. However, productivity, oil, and meal quality are often susceptible to white rust disease and the presence of high levels of antinutritional factors. With the aim of reducing both antinutritional factors (erucic acid) in oil and (glucosinolates) meal, along with resistance to white rust, this study used a marker-assisted pyramiding approach to introgress QTLs from Heera and RLC-3 into three elite Indian mustard cultivars: DRMR150-35, NRCHB101, and NRCDR-02. Using trait-specific markers helped foreground selection, while employing SSR markers assisted background selection in respective cross-combinations. In total, 34 pyramided lines (five BC₃F₅ in DRMR150-35/RLC-3, seventeen BC₃F₆ in NRCHB101/Heera, three BC₃F₅ in NRCHB101/RLC-3, and nine BC₃F₆ in NRCDR-02/RLC-3), with >90% recurrent parent genome recovery, attained development. The resulting pyramided lines underwent evaluation for agronomic performance, disease resistance, and oil quality. The study highlights the potential of MAS in breeding programs to accelerate the development of multi-trait superior cultivars, contributing to sustainable mustard production and enhanced oil quality.

Keywords: Indian mustard (B. juncea L.), marker-assisted pyramiding, white rust resistance, oil quality, molecular markers

Key findings: The 34 selected pyramided lines of the Indian mustard (B. juncea L.) exhibited significant resistance to white rust and superior oil quality without any yield penalty. These lines have potential for general cultivation in India.

In plant breeding, mutation is one of the plant improvement strategies through the induction of genetic diversity. This study sought to evaluate the use of colchicine to induce mutations based on morphological characters in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). The study employed a completely randomized factorial design, with the first factor comprising four pineapple genotypes and the second factor consisting of three concentrations of colchicine (300, 400, and 500 ppm) and a control. The results showed a colchicine concentration of 500 ppm changed the flesh color to golden yellow in the Q02 genotype. Interaction in 11 characters between genotypes and colchicine concentrations occurred. These characters included plant height, the number of leaves and crown leaves, leaf length, crown height and weight, stem diameter, fruit stalk and fruit diameter, fruit weight with and without crown, and edible part (%). This study concluded that colchicine 500 ppm produced golden-yellow flesh color and significant variations in vegetative characters. Therefore, it highly recommends colchicine concentrations of more than 500 ppm can be beneficial for improving pineapple plants.

Keywords: Pineapple (A. comosus L.), genotypes, colchicine concentrations, mutation, morphological traits, flesh color

Key findings: Colchicine of 500 ppm produced a golden yellow flesh color in the Q02 genotype and significant changes in vegetative characters of pineapple (A. comosus L.). It is superior to use colchicine concentrations of more than 500 ppm for future pineapple improvement.

The study based on the seed treatment with protective and stimulating compositions is novel research with no previous work done in Kazakhstan and other regions worldwide. The phytopathological analysis revealed the fungal and bacterial infections in the samples of wheat and barley seeds cultured with nutrient media. The examined wheat and barley samples displayed contaminations with saprophytic and pathogenic microflora, and fungal infections were predominant. The wheat and barley seed treated with the protective-stimulating compositions Scarlet m.e. (micro emulsion), Tabu w.s.c. (water-suspension concentrate), and potassium humate significantly suppressed the infections caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens. They also enhanced plant resistance to damage caused by soil-dwelling pests and positively influenced seed quality by promoting the growth and development of seedlings and their root systems. By using this formulation, the highest germination energy and seed viability rates resulted in wheat and barley seeds (99.3% and 98.0%, respectively). On the seventh day, seed infection declined by 96.7% (wheat) and 76.7% (barley) compared with the control, which had infection rates of 100% and 91.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the protective-stimulating compositions were cost-effective, reducing pesticide environmental loads due to their low application rates, demonstrating their potential for sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords: Wheat, barley, seed treatment, protective-stimulating compositions, soil-borne diseases and pests, germination, growth and development

Key findings: The wheat and barley seed treatment with protective-stimulating compositions effectively suppressed the infections caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens and considerably enhanced their viability and germination energy.

Developing superior clones is crucial in boosting the market competitiveness of Indonesian green tea (Camellia sinensis L.). However, tea yield and quality mostly sustain influences from temperature, rainfall, and nutrient availability. In the following study, 35 clones of C. sinensis tea underwent assessment for genetic diversity, yield stability, and taste quality under different fertilization conditions at the Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona and the Research Center for Appropriate Technology, Bandung, Indonesia. The field experiment used a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic diversity analysis used the principal component analysis (PCA), with the leaf yield stability analyzed utilizing parametric and non-parametric measurements and flavor quality probed using a t-test. The tea clones revealed the highest genetic diversity for agro-morphological traits. In general, all clones have the same quality according to sensory evaluation. Clones I.1.93, II.4.149, and S3 have an NUE greater than 50%. After fertilization, the nitrogen and potassium levels in the tea plant leaves increased by 0.12% and 0.07%, respectively, while phosphorus decreased by 0.01%. Among the clones, 22 increased in nitrogen, 24 decreased in phosphorus, and 28 clones increased in potassium. Notably, nine clones maintained stable pekoe leaf yields across both fertilized and unfertilized conditions.

Keywords: Tea (C. sinensis L.), selection, leaf yield, dry appearance, liquor color, taste quality, leaf nutrient levels

Key findings: The tea (C. sinensis L.) clones showed significant genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits. Leaf nitrogen and potassium levels increased by 0.12% and 0.07%, respectively, while phosphorus decreased by 0.01%. Nine promising tea clones consistently performed better both under fertilized and unfertilized conditions.

Development of water-stress-tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars is imperative to ensure food security. With this background, 36 rice genotypes comprising six parental genotypes and 30 advanced rice populations underwent water-stress tolerance evaluation using water-stress and irrigated field conditions. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were evident among the genotypes, environments, and genotype-by-environment interactions for yield-related traits. Yield depreciation of rice genotypes under water-stress conditions varied depending on their genotypic tolerance potential. Stress tolerance indicators, such as stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), and yield index (YI), along with the principal component analysis (PCA), served to identify water-stress-tolerant genotypes. For water-stress conditions, the highest grain yield per plant (GY) and desirable stress tolerance indices resulted in G09 (GY = 25.56 g; SSI = –0.36; STI = 1.23; YI = 1.45), G31 (GY = 21.16 g; SSI = –1.50; STI = 0.69; YI = 1.20), G32 (GY = 22.36 g; SSI = –0.59; STI = 0.90; YI = 1.27), and G34 (GY = 21.88 g; SSI = –1.40; STI = 0.75; YI = 1.24). These promising genotypes can be favorable for the development of water-stress-tolerant cultivars through future breeding programs.

Keywords: Rice (O. sativa L.), advanced rice populations, genotype-by-environment interactions, water-stress tolerance, water-stress-tolerance indices, grain yield

Key findings: Newly developed rice (O. sativa L.) genotypes G09, G31, G32, and G34 displayed water-stress-tolerance profiles with the highest grain yield and desirable stress tolerance indices.

This study presents an evaluation of the variability for seed oil content and the relationship among the economic traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) F₃ populations under the environmental conditions of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. Under simulated drought conditions, complex hybrids provided the basis for transgressive families due to high heterozygosity. It shows the location of families with high oil content was on the right side, making the selection in the sunflower F₃ simple and complex hybrid families. A moderate and high positive correlation existed between root mass and productivity traits, while a high positive correlation occurred between root mass and plant height. Moreover, a moderate positive correlation showed between root mass and head diameter, and varied correlations appeared between root mass and the total leaf surface area. The results revealed a weak to moderate negative correlation between the seed oil content and head diameter in the plants. The correlation analysis of seed oil content variability and the relationship of economically valuable traits in sunflower F₃ hybrid families indicated that larger heads correspond to lower oil content in most cases.

Keywords: Sunflower (H. annuus L.), simple and complex hybridization, variability, correlation analysis, root mass, productivity, plant height, leaf surface area, oil content

Key findings: Through complex hybridization, the sunflower (H. annuus L.) F₃ families with high oil content attained selection under simulated drought conditions. The complex hybridization and high heterozygosity provided the basis for the emergence of transgressive segregants.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is a susceptible legume species to pod shattering, posing a high risk of yield loss. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic traits and pod-shattering resistance of IPB mung bean lines. The research, conducted at the IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia, involved the evaluation of 17 IPB mung bean lines and three comparison varieties. Observed traits included growth and yield components, as well as pod-shattering resistance under three conditions: the field, sun-drying (14 days), and oven drying (at 40 °C for seven days). Genetic variability among the lines was found for plant height, days to flowering, seed weight per pod, and pod length. All IPB mung bean lines were grouping into three main clusters based on cluster analysis. Growth traits and yield components were influenced by genetic factors to varying degrees, as reflected in their low, medium, and high heritability estimates. Most yield components exhibited low heritability, except for the seed weight per pod, which showed medium heritability. Lines F9-Lom2/129-34, F9-VR480B/V1-156, and F9-VR10/V1-49 demonstrated superior yield components and high productivity (2.19–2.37 t/ha). These three lines were classified as a resistant to highly resistant classification for pod shattering. The sun-drying method was most effective in revealing the variation in pod-shattering resistance among the tested lines. These findings confirm that genetic variation influences both yield potential and pod shattering resistance in mung bean lines, providing valuable insights for future breeding programs.

Keywords: Mung bean (V. radiata L.), determinate, pod-shattering resistance, selection, variance components, heritability, yield potential

Key findings: The research elucidates the yield potential and pod-shattering resistance of IPB mung bean (V. radiata L.) lines. Pod shattering on mung bean causes significant yield losses before and during harvest in tropical areas. It is valuable to have a simple method for observing pod shatter resistance without relying on laboratory tests.

Inadequate rainfall in the sugarcane-growing regions is a major constraint. This study evaluated 33 diverse sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex) genotypes for drought tolerance to address this issue. Significant (< 0.05) variances across environments (normal, mild water stress, and rainfed) due to genotypes and environments along with higher heritability (> 60%) and genetic advance (> 20%) for CCS (t ha^-1) and related traits justified strong potential for genetic improvement. Novelty lies in the combined use of “Eberhart and Russell Regression” and “GGE biplot” analyses. The Regression’s model better identified the adaptability of genotype(s), while the GGE biplot effectively characterized the environments for their discriminating power. Traits like number of millable canes (NMC), sucrose (Pol %), total soluble solids (TSS %), relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), proline, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), emerged as the key yield contributor, highlighting their utility as selection indices. Significant higher expression of 10 drought-responsive genes (P5CS, SOD, DEH, BADH, IGS, cAPX, LEA, TPS, ProT, and DRP) in F 391/14 (CoPb 19182) and lower expression of four genes (SOD, DRP, ProT, and BADH) in CoJ 64 provided molecular insights into stress tolerance. These findings offer valuable strategies for breeding resilient cultivars.

Keywords: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex), drought tolerance, genotype × environment interactions, stability and adaptability

Key findings: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex) clone F 391/14 (CoPb 19182) exhibited tolerance under drought conditions.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple food crop with agronomic significance and a leading crop in terms of area planted and production worldwide. Therefore, its sustainable production is crucial, requiring greater attention due to its increasing global consumption. The following study aimed to assess the genetic potential of the soft wheat F₁-F₂ populations for economic traits obtained through crossing valuable landraces grown in diverse ecological zones of Uzbekistan. Crossing eight wheat genotypes obtained four hybrids that underwent further evaluation along with their parental forms in 2021–2024 at the Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Among the parental genotypes, the recorded trait of average maximum spike length resulted in the wheat cultivar Khivit (11.8 ± 0.25 cm), followed by Kzyl-bugday (11.4 ± 0.48 cm) and Tyuya-tish (11.4 ± 0.27 cm). In the investigated F₁ hybrids, the spike length varied from 10.7 to 12.6 cm. However, nonsignificant differences were notable between the ancient local cultivars Tyuya-tish and Khivit for the average number of spikelets per spike. The highest number of spikelets per spike appeared in the cultivar Ak-bashak (18.7 ± 0.44). In F₂ populations, negative transgression was evident, expressed as a shift by 2–3 classes to the left.

Keywords: Wheat (T. aestivum L.) landraces, F₁ and F₂ hybrids, inheritance, genetic variability, coefficient of variation, spike length, spikelets, grains per spike, grain yield

Key findings: Genetic analysis revealed grains per spike were dependent on the genetic potential of the wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars. The grains per spike occurred to be transmitted by the negative incomplete dominance. In F₂ populations, for grain weight per spike, the coefficient of variation was twice as high compared with the parental genotypes, indicating medium and high genetic variability.

Maize is the second staple food after rice that supports livestock feed and the rural economies of smallholder farmers. However, the broad agroecological variability causes variations in maize (Zea mays L.) productivity due to genotype-environment interaction (GEI) in Indonesia. Thus, the following study aimed to evaluate the promising maize hybrids with favorable environments using the GGE (genotype + genotype × environment) biplot through GEIs. Seventeen single-cross maize hybrids and two check cultivars (NASA-29 and P-36) underwent evaluation in 2021 through a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at nine locations in Indonesia. Results revealed significant differences among genotypes, environments, and their interactions (p < 0.01), indicating strong GEI effects. Based on the biplot analysis, West Lombok emerged as the most favorable environment, while Manado was the most unfavorable environment for maize hybrid productivity. Based on the GGE biplot analysis, hybrid ST-201328 demonstrated the highest grain yield and stability, becoming the most recommendable as a promising maize hybrid in Indonesia. These findings underscore the usefulness of the GGE biplot analysis in guiding hybrid selection and targeting suitable test sites for future hybrid maize breeding and development programs.

Keywords: Maize (Z. mays L.), promising hybrids, favorable location, GGE biplot, genotype-by-environment interactions, grain yield

Key findings: According to this study, West Lombok is distinctly the most favorable environment for maize (Z. mays L.) production, while Manado is the most unfavorable. Hybrid ST-201328 demonstrated the highest grain yield and stability and came as the most recommended promising maize hybrid in Indonesia.