R.M. MOHSIN, K.N. ABD ASAL, A.A. KAMALUDDIN, and A.A. ZAKY
Citation: Mohsin RM, Abd Asal KN, Kamaluddin AA, Zaky AA (2023). Genotypes and storage duration effects on the quality of cut flower – gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 260-267. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.24.
Studies on cut flowers have occurred, for improving their quality is the main priority. One of the top 10 cut flowers in the world, the gerbera, or Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), is a flowering plant. The presented study aimed to investigate the effect of genotypes, storage duration, and their interactions on the quality of cut flower – Transvaal daisy. Two cultivars of Gerbera (sweet smile and sweet surprise) and their four storage durations underwent examination on the various parameters of vase life and carbohydrates. The results exhibited that the cultivar ‘Sweet smile’ had exceptional values of the studied parameters compared with the cultivar ‘Sweet surprise.’ The treatment of seven days with dry-cool storage proved superior upon 14- and 21-day treatments (11.71, 11.05, and 5.94, respectively) and had the highest positive effects on vase life and flower carbohydrate content compared with the other two storage treatments. The treatment of zero days (non-stored flowers) was significantly superior to seven-day storage. The interactions of cultivars and storage durations gave the highest effect in reducing the depletion of the carbohydrates content in cultivars with zero days, increasing the flower’s vase life. Therefore, the highest values recorded for the cultivar Sweet smile are zero days, followed by seven days of storage, compared with the rest of the treatments.
Keywords: Gerbera – Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), cut flower, storage durations, vase life, carbohydrates
Key finding: For gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), the highest desirable values emerged for the cultivar, Sweet smile, at zero days, followed by seven days of storage compared with other treatments. Sucrose is widely used in floral preservation, while cold storage facilitates conservation.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 260-267, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.24
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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Q.S. AL-NEMA and R.M. ABDULLAH
Citation: Al-Nema QS, Abdullah RM (2023). Propagation protocol of the medicinal plant – aloe vera using tissue culture. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 254-259. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.23.
Aloe vera is one of the most popular cactus-type plants in the global market due to its widespread uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and decorative purposes. The present study derived callus cultures from the Aloe vera plant leaves, then reproduced on agar-solidified MS medium from June to December 2021 at the University of Mosul, Iraq. Results revealed that the MS medium + 3.0 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA) proved suitable for induction of leaf callus up to 85%, while the MS medium supplement with 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 BA reached 70%. The MS medium with 1.0 mg L-1 BA showed the best results for growing apical shoots of A. vera plants and producing vegetative branches. The formation of roots emerged within two weeks after placing them on the rooting medium. The shoots regenerated from the growing apices and were rooted easily in agar-solidified MS medium. The obtained plants attained successful acclimatization in terms of their growth and length, afterward, transferred to the peat-moss mixture.
Keywords: Aloe vera, callus cultures, propagation, leaves, stems, apical shoot
Key finding: The study aimed to identify the behavior of Aloe vera plants in the culture medium represented by the formation of callus cultures and their differentiation.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 254-259, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.23
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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P.V. HIEU and T.B. TOAN
Citation: Hieu PV, Toan TB (2023). Agricultural development based on CRISPR-CAS9 and Retrons techniques: A perspective application on tomato. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 237-253. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.22.
Plant breeding has recently become a vital process in developing desired crop plants. Advances in genetic engineering occur more quickly than ever, with several crops generally created through traditional and modern techniques resulting in increased biomass and phytochemical compounds and adapted to the detrimental environment, such as biotic and abiotic stresses. More precisely, thousands of plant species gained enhancements suitable to various climatic and topographic conditions through genome editing; hence, people’s dreams soon became a reality by implementing biotechnology to study many well-established fundamental grounds. Beliefs that biotechnology will progressively develop are happening in various aspects of modern sciences for crop development to be implemented based on genetic material. Besides the aforementioned benefits, this review manuscript will describe the progress of genome editing like CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) with its modification and Retrons in crops and then determine its beneficial effects, which are more valuable through the application of these methods in crop development. The review further aims to assess the perspective application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the development strategies of virus-resistant tomatoes.
Keywords: Agriculture, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), CRISPR-Cas9, Retron, pathogens, virus resistance
Key findings: The present review insights on describing the development of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons techniques and the benefits of its notable effects showed more valuable through the application on crop development. A prospective application on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons technique in the development strategies for virus-resistance tomato also needs a concern.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 237-253, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.22
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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A.E.S. AL-KURTANY, S.A.M. ALI, and M.F. OLEAWY
Citation: Al-Kurtany AES, Ali SAM, Oleawy MF (2023). Tomato seedling production using an inoculum prepared with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) isolates SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 230-236. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.21.
A study to attain healthy tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seedlings through environment-friendly natural biological products took place from January to March 2022. Determining the effects of the inoculum prepared from five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates, i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Kineococcus radiotolerans on the production of tomato seedlings, experiments proceeded at the Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq. The isolates underwent screening for their efficiency as a biostimulant to dissolve insoluble phosphate compounds and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and chelating compounds. The results showed the ability of all the isolates to produce IAA, chelating compounds, and solubility of phosphates. The P. fluorescens isolate showed superior in its phosphate solubilization and IAA production (41.30 mg p-1, 13.00 mg ml-1), followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans, respectively, with the production of medium chelating compounds. The results also showed the superiority of the inoculated treatments over the non-inoculated treatments in the percentage and speed of germination, the length of tomato seedlings, the shoot dry weight, the number of leaves per plant, and root weight parts. The treatments with P. fluorescens displayed significant superiority in all studied traits, followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans.
Keywords: Tomato seedlings, bacterial inoculation, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Pseudomonas putida
Key findings: The inoculum prepared from bacteria P. fluorescens proved superior over the rest of the bacterial species. Hence, highly recommended for adoption to produce healthy seedlings of tomato by relying on the biological inoculum.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 230-236, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.21
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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D.M. SABRA, A.M. REDA, E.A. EL-SHAWY, Y.Z. EL-REFAEE, and R.E. ABDELRAOUF
To cite this manuscript: Sabra DM, Reda AM, El-Shawy EA, El-Refaee YZ, Abdelraouf RE (2023). Improving barley production under deficient irrigation water and mineral fertilizers conditions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 211-229. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.20.
Scarcity in irrigation water led to a gradual increase in water stress, consequently causing a decrease in dry matter, nitrogen uptake, productivity, and the protein content of barley. During two growing seasons, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, two field experiments ensued to improve barley production in sandy soil under a deficit of irrigation water. The statistical analysis helped recommend the best factors to achieve maximum benefit with barley production under dry conditions and nitrogen mineral fertilizers. The significant variations occurred when irrigating with 60% full irrigation only, but were nonsignificant when irrigating with 80% full irrigation. Increasing the number of mineral fertilization doses to nine times resulted in higher nitrogen concentrations and availability inside the root-spreading area for the longest possible period without washing outside the root-spreading area by deep percolation than when given with three doses only. Irrigating with 80% full irrigation and nine dosages of mineral fertilization obtained the highest and best yield values. It resulted in a 20% reduction in irrigation water use and increased nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness through repeated application doses, resulting in increased productivity and less groundwater pollution. The simulation model received SALTMED model values with high accuracy for most of the studied traits; the R2 was not less than 0.97; therefore, it can function well under sandy soil conditions, which suffer from water scarcity.
Keywords: Deficit irrigation, fertilization doses, SALTMED model, soil moisture, water stress, water productivity, barley
Key findings: The low productivity of barley crops results in less irrigation water. Saving 20% of irrigation water happened with nonsignificant differences in productivity values when irrigating 100% or 80% of full irrigation occurred. Increasing the frequency of fertilizing doses leads to higher productivity values. Using the SALTMED Model gave high accuracy in simulating actual results.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 211-229, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.20
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, B.M. AMANGALIEV, E.K. ZHUSSUPBEKOV, L.K. TABYNBAYEVA, M. BATYRBEK, А.T. RAIYMBEKOVA, S. MEMON, and S.A. MEMON
To cite this manuscript: Bastaubayeva SO, Amangaliev BM, Zhussupbekov EK, Tabynbayeva LK, Batyrbek M, Raiymbekova AT, Memon S, Memon SA (2023). Irrigation and mineral fertilizer effects on physical properties of light chestnut soil used in the cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 202- 210. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.19.
This work studied the effect of irrigation and mineral fertilizers on the physical properties of light chestnut soil used in cultivating sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The experiment happened in 2021 on an irrigated field with an area of 2 ha in the territory of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, District Karasai, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. A sugar beet hybrid (obtained from domestic selection ‘Aksu’ and foreign selection ‘Yampol’) cultivation used four levels of mineral fertilizers, i.e., 0:0:0 (control), 90:90:60, 120:120:90, and 150:150:120 NPK kg ha-1. During the sugar beet growing season, all periods of observations recorded an increase in the bulk density in the upper, middle, and lower soil layers, from 1.14–1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31–1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm soil layers decreased from the germination phase to harvesting of sugar beet in extensive technology (10.0%–15.7%) and intensive technologies (2.3%–13.1%). In these soil layers, the number of water-stable aggregates decreased from the beginning of renewal to the end of the growing season of sugar beet in technology without the use of fertilizers (2.9%–6.4%) and in technologies with the application of mineral fertilizers (1.6%–7.6%). In the soil layers, the noted highest content of productive moisture occurred in the phase of closing the leaves in the rows with the extensive technology of sugar beet cultivation (51.5–213.2 mm). Irrigation during the sugar beet growing season reduces the content of agronomically-valuable and water-stable aggregates in soil layers to the minimum values for harvesting in technology without the use of fertilizers (50.5%–54.4% and 12.9%–14.2%) and technology with the use of mineral fertilizers (52.3%–54.4% and 10.9%–13.5%), respectively.
Keywords: Sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.), light chestnut soil, soil layers, soil aggregates, mineral fertilizers, productive moisture, bulk density
Key findings: During the growing season of sugar beet, an increase in bulk density in the upper, middle and lower layers of the soil was observed for all observation periods from 1.14-1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31-1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the soil layers of 0-10 cm, 10- 20 cm and 20-30 cm decreased from the germination phase to the harvesting of sugar beet by extensive technology (10.0-15.7%) and intensive technology (2.3-13.1%).
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 202-210, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.19
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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H. RAMZAN, M.A. TAHIR, G. SARWAR, N.U. SABAH, S. GUL, and M.Z. Manzoor
Citation: Ramzan H, Tahir MA, Sarwar G, Sabah NU, Gul S, Manzoor MZ (2023). Potassium application using the 4R nutrient stewardship approach for improving wheat growth and yield traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 187-201. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.18.
Potassium (K) plays a key role in numerous plant metabolic processes, and its adequate amount is necessary for proper plant growth and development. Imbalanced fertilizer application has rapidly depleted the soil available K and harmed crops. However, the science-based K application in crops must follow the 4R nutrient stewardship approach to enhance crop yields. Therefore, a planned pot study used the 4R nutrient management technique for wheat potassium management. The evaluation of two wheat cultivars (Punjab-2008 and Barani-2011) employed two commercial K sources (MOP and SOP) with different application methods (basal and foliar) and sowing times (15 October, 15 November, and 15 December). The wheat variety Punjab-2008 performed better in root and shoot length, fresh biomass, and grain yield between 15 October and 15 November. Meanwhile, the Barani-2011, sown on 15 November, produced higher total chlorophyll contents and water use efficiency (WUE). The use of SOP (high dose), MOP (medium to high dose), and foliar spray of SOP at 1.5% and 3% resulted in maximum shoot length and the root-to-shoot ratio for both tested cultivars. Punjab-2008 produced higher grain yield when applied with a high SOP level than a high level of MOP. Similarly, a maximum leaf area index and proline contents observed in Punjab-2008 occurred with a high level of SOP applied. In contrast, a higher net photosynthesis rate and WUE emerged in Barani-2011 under a medium SOP level and a higher level of MOP. Thus, the conclusion is that medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition for improving yield parameters of wheat cultivars.
Keywords: Potassium management, 4R nutrient stewardship approach, nutrient use efficiency, grain yield
Key findings: The K fertilizer application using the 4R stewardship approach improved wheat crop quality and yield attributes. As observed, the medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition in helping improve yield parameters of wheat cultivars. Punjab-2008 performed better in wheat growth and yield attributes, while Barani-2011 found it efficient for physiological and biochemical traits. However, both cultivars gave the best results when sown on 15th November.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 187-201, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.18
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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E. RESIDA, T. CHIKMAWATI, N. ARIYANTI, and FITMAWATI
Citation: Resida E, Chikmawati T, Ariyanti N, Fitmawati (2023). Mangifera kemanga Blume (Anacardiaceae) taxonomic assessment for genetic diversity based on molecular substantiation. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 175-186. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.17.
Mangifera kemanga Blume is a wild relative of mango (Mangifera indica) and a local fruit with various potential uses. The community uses its fruit and leaves for food and its wood as a building material. However, the genetic diversity and taxonomic status of M. kemanga species still need more exploration and have a dispute with M. caesia Jack. The presented study aimed to determine the taxonomic status of M. kemanga and its relationship with M. caesia through a molecular approach and to recognize the species’ delimitation. The recorded data analysis used the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequence. Carrying out DNA isolation employed the Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant) protocol, with the DNA sequences analyzed for kinship using Maximum Parsimony and Neighbor-Joining methods and genetic diversity analysis performed using DnaSP 6. A total of 27 trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequence identification and authentication resulted from BLAST on NCBI as sequences derived from the genus Mangifera. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the accessions of M. kemanga and M. caesia are very similar, hence, considered not as independent species. Thus, based on the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences, M. kemanga is a synonym of M. caesia with taxonomic status as a variety of M. caesia. This molecular-based taxonomic evidence is significant for determining the valid species status of M. kemanga so that it can provide basic information for further studies on biodiversity and germplasm conservation.
Keywords: Mangifera caesia, genetic diversity, molecular analysis, morphological traits, phylogenetic, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer marker
Key findings: Based on the accessions of M. kemanga and M. caesia collected from four islands in Indonesia, collecting molecular data used the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer marker, which provides several sequences that have yet to be published. The molecular analysis gave new taxonomic substantiation to determine the status of M. kemanga. Furthermore, the present data
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 175-186, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.17
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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T. HANDAYANI, A.D. PRAWESTRI, R.S. RAHAYU, and A. LEKSONOWATI
Citation: Handayani T, Prawestri AD, Rahayu RS, Leksonowati A (2023). Oryzalin-induced taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) tetraploid and diploid assessment for growth and agronomic traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 163-174. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.16.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak) is a popular and widely cultivated cultivar in the Indonesian farming community. In taro Pontianak, manipulating the ploidy level by chromosome doubling can enhance its genetic diversity. The latest study aimed to evaluate the oryzalin-induced polyploid taro cv. Pontianak compared with its diploid in terms of growth, anatomical, cytological, morphological, and agronomic traits in the greenhouse and the field. In vitro shoots of taro cv. Pontianak were soaked using a liquid medium supplemented with oryzalin with a concentration of 30 and 60 μM for one day. After five times of subcultures, flow cytometry analysis proceeded to determine their ploidy levels. The diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x) plantlets were then acclimatized in the greenhouse for six to eight weeks and hardened for two months before planting in the field for 10 months. Squashing the root tip to ensure the ploidy levels of taro seedlings helped measure the chromosome numbers. Observing the growth, anatomical, and agronomic traits of diploid and tetraploid plants occurred during the hardening process until harvest time. The 30 μM oryzalin treatment produced tetraploid and mixoploid shoots; none from the 60 μM treatment. Oryzalininduced tetraploid taro exhibited some morphological characteristics of tetraploid plants, such as, longer stomata size and low density. Tubers of tetraploid plants tended to have increased protein, ash, and water content compared with their diploid counterpart. However, tetraploid taro showed a slower growth rate both in the greenhouse and the field. Additionally, it gave lower yields than diploids in some agronomic characteristics, including delayed flowering time, lower plant fresh weight, and smaller tubers. This study provides information that oryzalin-induced tetraploid taro could exhibit increasing and decreasing nutritional-agronomic traits (as mentioned above) compared with its diploid.
Keywords: Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak), ploidy manipulation, genetic diversity, proximate analysis, field evaluation, growth traits
Key findings: Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak) ploidy level manipulation in vitro used 30 μM oryzalin. The oryzalin-induced tetraploid taro has varied agronomic traits and proximate contents compared with their diploid genotypes.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 163-174, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.16
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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K.A.M. KHALED, R.M.M. HABIBA, J.A. BASHASHA, C.R. AZZAM, and M.H. ABDEL-AZIZ
Citation: Khaled KAM, Habiba RMM, Bashasha JA, Azzam CR, M.H. Abdel-Aziz MH (2023). In silico and genetic analysis related to tillering ability in maize. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 156-162. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.15.
Maize developed from its ancestor, teosinte, about 10,000 years ago. The evolution has gone from teosinte with multiple tillers to single-tiller maize plants. An investigation took place to identify and sequence genes related to tillering ability in maize and perform In silico analysis. Mating proceeded by manual pollination between the commercial hybrid SC2031 of maize (Zea mays L.) and the teosinte genotype Domiata (Durra rayyana). The parents, F1 hybrids, and their F2 progenies gained evaluation for tillering ability. The SC2031 (low or no-tillers) exhibited fragments ranging from 75 to 420 bp. The fragment observed with 262 bp size was in the F1 and nine out of 10 low-tillering F2 progenies. The Domiata parent, a high-tillering variety, exhibited three fragments ranging from 82 to 534 bp. The fragment with 445 in size occurred in nine out of 10 high-tillering F2 progenies. The fragment of 262 bp, which may be responsible for the low tillering ability, and the fragment of 445 bp, for the high tillering ability, were eluted from the gel, sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. The predicted protein, T1-L, of the DNA sequence from the low-tillering parent has a molecular weight of 6.69 kD and pI of 6.53, belonging to the GRAS family, which plays an important role as transcriptional factors required for the adequate pattern of radial rooting and shooting. The predicted protein, T1-H, of the DNA sequence from the high-tillering parent has a molecular weight of 14.08 kD, and pI of 7.97, belonging to the TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) family that plays an essential role as transcriptional factors required for apical dominance.
Keywords: Tillering, maize, GRAS protein, TCP protein, transcriptional factors, In silico
Key findings: The fragment of 262 bp might be responsible for low tillering ability and produced a protein with 6.69 kD belonging to the GRAS family. In comparison, the fragment of 445 bp might be responsible for high tillering ability and produced a protein with 14.08 kD belonging to the TCP family.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 156-162, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.15
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
« Back to main page of SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics Vol. 55 No. 1