H. RAMZAN, M.A. TAHIR, G. SARWAR, N.U. SABAH, S. GUL, and M.Z. Manzoor
Citation: Ramzan H, Tahir MA, Sarwar G, Sabah NU, Gul S, Manzoor MZ (2023). Potassium application using the 4R nutrient stewardship approach for improving wheat growth and yield traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 187-201. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.18.
Potassium (K) plays a key role in numerous plant metabolic processes, and its adequate amount is necessary for proper plant growth and development. Imbalanced fertilizer application has rapidly depleted the soil available K and harmed crops. However, the science-based K application in crops must follow the 4R nutrient stewardship approach to enhance crop yields. Therefore, a planned pot study used the 4R nutrient management technique for wheat potassium management. The evaluation of two wheat cultivars (Punjab-2008 and Barani-2011) employed two commercial K sources (MOP and SOP) with different application methods (basal and foliar) and sowing times (15 October, 15 November, and 15 December). The wheat variety Punjab-2008 performed better in root and shoot length, fresh biomass, and grain yield between 15 October and 15 November. Meanwhile, the Barani-2011, sown on 15 November, produced higher total chlorophyll contents and water use efficiency (WUE). The use of SOP (high dose), MOP (medium to high dose), and foliar spray of SOP at 1.5% and 3% resulted in maximum shoot length and the root-to-shoot ratio for both tested cultivars. Punjab-2008 produced higher grain yield when applied with a high SOP level than a high level of MOP. Similarly, a maximum leaf area index and proline contents observed in Punjab-2008 occurred with a high level of SOP applied. In contrast, a higher net photosynthesis rate and WUE emerged in Barani-2011 under a medium SOP level and a higher level of MOP. Thus, the conclusion is that medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition for improving yield parameters of wheat cultivars.
Keywords: Potassium management, 4R nutrient stewardship approach, nutrient use efficiency, grain yield
Key findings: The K fertilizer application using the 4R stewardship approach improved wheat crop quality and yield attributes. As observed, the medium to high rates of SOP proved a better source of K nutrition in helping improve yield parameters of wheat cultivars. Punjab-2008 performed better in wheat growth and yield attributes, while Barani-2011 found it efficient for physiological and biochemical traits. However, both cultivars gave the best results when sown on 15th November.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 187-201, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.18
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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E. RESIDA, T. CHIKMAWATI, N. ARIYANTI, and FITMAWATI
Citation: Resida E, Chikmawati T, Ariyanti N, Fitmawati (2023). Mangifera kemanga Blume (Anacardiaceae) taxonomic assessment for genetic diversity based on molecular substantiation. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 175-186. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.17.
Mangifera kemanga Blume is a wild relative of mango (Mangifera indica) and a local fruit with various potential uses. The community uses its fruit and leaves for food and its wood as a building material. However, the genetic diversity and taxonomic status of M. kemanga species still need more exploration and have a dispute with M. caesia Jack. The presented study aimed to determine the taxonomic status of M. kemanga and its relationship with M. caesia through a molecular approach and to recognize the species’ delimitation. The recorded data analysis used the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequence. Carrying out DNA isolation employed the Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant) protocol, with the DNA sequences analyzed for kinship using Maximum Parsimony and Neighbor-Joining methods and genetic diversity analysis performed using DnaSP 6. A total of 27 trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequence identification and authentication resulted from BLAST on NCBI as sequences derived from the genus Mangifera. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the accessions of M. kemanga and M. caesia are very similar, hence, considered not as independent species. Thus, based on the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences, M. kemanga is a synonym of M. caesia with taxonomic status as a variety of M. caesia. This molecular-based taxonomic evidence is significant for determining the valid species status of M. kemanga so that it can provide basic information for further studies on biodiversity and germplasm conservation.
Keywords: Mangifera caesia, genetic diversity, molecular analysis, morphological traits, phylogenetic, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer marker
Key findings: Based on the accessions of M. kemanga and M. caesia collected from four islands in Indonesia, collecting molecular data used the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer marker, which provides several sequences that have yet to be published. The molecular analysis gave new taxonomic substantiation to determine the status of M. kemanga. Furthermore, the present data
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 175-186, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.17
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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T. HANDAYANI, A.D. PRAWESTRI, R.S. RAHAYU, and A. LEKSONOWATI
Citation: Handayani T, Prawestri AD, Rahayu RS, Leksonowati A (2023). Oryzalin-induced taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) tetraploid and diploid assessment for growth and agronomic traits. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 163-174. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.16.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak) is a popular and widely cultivated cultivar in the Indonesian farming community. In taro Pontianak, manipulating the ploidy level by chromosome doubling can enhance its genetic diversity. The latest study aimed to evaluate the oryzalin-induced polyploid taro cv. Pontianak compared with its diploid in terms of growth, anatomical, cytological, morphological, and agronomic traits in the greenhouse and the field. In vitro shoots of taro cv. Pontianak were soaked using a liquid medium supplemented with oryzalin with a concentration of 30 and 60 μM for one day. After five times of subcultures, flow cytometry analysis proceeded to determine their ploidy levels. The diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x) plantlets were then acclimatized in the greenhouse for six to eight weeks and hardened for two months before planting in the field for 10 months. Squashing the root tip to ensure the ploidy levels of taro seedlings helped measure the chromosome numbers. Observing the growth, anatomical, and agronomic traits of diploid and tetraploid plants occurred during the hardening process until harvest time. The 30 μM oryzalin treatment produced tetraploid and mixoploid shoots; none from the 60 μM treatment. Oryzalininduced tetraploid taro exhibited some morphological characteristics of tetraploid plants, such as, longer stomata size and low density. Tubers of tetraploid plants tended to have increased protein, ash, and water content compared with their diploid counterpart. However, tetraploid taro showed a slower growth rate both in the greenhouse and the field. Additionally, it gave lower yields than diploids in some agronomic characteristics, including delayed flowering time, lower plant fresh weight, and smaller tubers. This study provides information that oryzalin-induced tetraploid taro could exhibit increasing and decreasing nutritional-agronomic traits (as mentioned above) compared with its diploid.
Keywords: Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak), ploidy manipulation, genetic diversity, proximate analysis, field evaluation, growth traits
Key findings: Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. cv. Pontianak) ploidy level manipulation in vitro used 30 μM oryzalin. The oryzalin-induced tetraploid taro has varied agronomic traits and proximate contents compared with their diploid genotypes.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 163-174, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.16
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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K.A.M. KHALED, R.M.M. HABIBA, J.A. BASHASHA, C.R. AZZAM, and M.H. ABDEL-AZIZ
Citation: Khaled KAM, Habiba RMM, Bashasha JA, Azzam CR, M.H. Abdel-Aziz MH (2023). In silico and genetic analysis related to tillering ability in maize. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 156-162. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.15.
Maize developed from its ancestor, teosinte, about 10,000 years ago. The evolution has gone from teosinte with multiple tillers to single-tiller maize plants. An investigation took place to identify and sequence genes related to tillering ability in maize and perform In silico analysis. Mating proceeded by manual pollination between the commercial hybrid SC2031 of maize (Zea mays L.) and the teosinte genotype Domiata (Durra rayyana). The parents, F1 hybrids, and their F2 progenies gained evaluation for tillering ability. The SC2031 (low or no-tillers) exhibited fragments ranging from 75 to 420 bp. The fragment observed with 262 bp size was in the F1 and nine out of 10 low-tillering F2 progenies. The Domiata parent, a high-tillering variety, exhibited three fragments ranging from 82 to 534 bp. The fragment with 445 in size occurred in nine out of 10 high-tillering F2 progenies. The fragment of 262 bp, which may be responsible for the low tillering ability, and the fragment of 445 bp, for the high tillering ability, were eluted from the gel, sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. The predicted protein, T1-L, of the DNA sequence from the low-tillering parent has a molecular weight of 6.69 kD and pI of 6.53, belonging to the GRAS family, which plays an important role as transcriptional factors required for the adequate pattern of radial rooting and shooting. The predicted protein, T1-H, of the DNA sequence from the high-tillering parent has a molecular weight of 14.08 kD, and pI of 7.97, belonging to the TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) family that plays an essential role as transcriptional factors required for apical dominance.
Keywords: Tillering, maize, GRAS protein, TCP protein, transcriptional factors, In silico
Key findings: The fragment of 262 bp might be responsible for low tillering ability and produced a protein with 6.69 kD belonging to the GRAS family. In comparison, the fragment of 445 bp might be responsible for high tillering ability and produced a protein with 14.08 kD belonging to the TCP family.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 156-162, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.15
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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K.S. ABDEL-LATEIF and E.M. ABD EL-GHANY
Citation: Abdel-Lateif KS, Abd El-Ghany EM (2023). Characterization of Rhizobium isolates as biocontrol agents against Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 146-155. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.14.
This study recovered 15 Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium isolates from nodules of different legume plants (Faba bean, Pea, Soybean, and Clover) grown in nine Egyptian governorates representing the delta region (Menoufia, Gharbia, Suez, Qalubia, Cairo, Sharkia, Behirah, Kafr El-sheikh, and Ismailia). The infectivity test proceeded with all isolates retaining and infecting their hosts, demonstrating that they are Rhizobium cultures. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the isolates belonged to two species of Rhizobium, namely Rhizobium leguminosarum (RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4, RL5, RL6, RL7, RL8, RL9, RL10, RL11, RL12, and RL13) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (BJ1 and BJ2). Moreover, PCR based on specific primers was employed to detect nifH gene in the genomes of tested isolates. Most of the isolates exhibited sensitivity toward antibiotics, and were able to produce HCN. The isolates of RL4, RL6, RL9, and RL10 were positive for chitinase activity and exhibited clear zones ranging from weak to sturdy. The antagonism evaluation of Rhizobium isolates against Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina ensued under in vitro conditions. The isolates RL6 and RL9 of R. leguminosarum were the most effective, suppressing more than 50% growth of M. phaseolina. Similarly, the isolates RL4, RL6, RL9, and RL10 revealed the most effective and inhibited more than 50% growth of F. solani. Interestingly, the isolates RL6 and RL9, which exhibited high levels of suppression against M. phaseolina, also displayed high levels of suppression against F. solani.
Keywords: Rhizobium, 16S rRNA, antagonism, Fusarium, Macrophomina
Key findings: Some isolates were superior in inhibiting M. phaseolina and F. solani pathogens. These results indicate that Rhizobia can be used as an excellent biological control agent in root rot disease management.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 146-155, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.14
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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B. ZAYED, S. BASSIOUNI, A. OKASHA, M. ABDELHAMED, S. SOLTAN, and M. NEGM
Citation: Zayed B, Bassiouni S, Okasha A, Abdelhamed M, Soltan S, Negm M (2023). Path coefficient, eigenvalues, and genetic parameters in Egyptian rice (Oryza sativa L.) under aerobic conditions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 131-145. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.13.
The genetic parameters, eigenvalues in principal components, correlation, and path coefficient in Egyptian rice (Oryza sativa L.) proceeded to understand the interrelationship among studied traits, which helps develop selection strategies in genetic breeding programs under aerobic conditions. Twelve rice genotypes planted under the aerobic condition in a randomized complete block design included three replications during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among studied genotypes, indicating a broad genetic diversity among its genotypes. Eigenvalues used helped to understand the data structure and trait relations and divided the 21 traits into two components. The highly positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations appeared in 16 characteristics, i.e., leaf area index, total chlorophyll, and antioxidant traits, indicating that any improvement of these traits will improve rice grain yield under aerobic conditions. The path structure showed that panicle weight, the number of panicles hill-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase, root length, and flag leaf area had increased grain yield. The current results indicated that Egyptian hybrid1, GZ9399, and Giza179 could recommend for cultivation under aerobic conditions and serve as donors in breeding programs to improve tolerance to drought under aerobic conditions.
Keywords: aerobic rice, path coefficient, correlation, eigenvalue, genetic advance, heritability
Key findings: Aerobic rice in the furrow saved water, with less water required. The high differences found among studied genotypes under aerobic conditions revealed the best rice genotypes as donor in the breeding program that will help improve drought tolerance under aerobic conditions. The path analysis diagram showed that the most traits affecting grain yield were panicle weight, the number of panicles, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and leaf area index. These traits could benefit selection in breeding programs under aerobic conditions.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 131-145, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.13
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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S.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, N.D. SLYAMOVA, A.E. KHIDIROV, G.T. MEIRMAN, M.B. BEKBATYROV, and A.M. USTEMIROVA
Citation: Bastaubayeva SO, Slyamova ND, Khidirov AE, Meirman GT, Bekbatyrov MB, Ustemirova AM (2023). Biological significance of alfalfa in the development of organic farming in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 123-130. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.12.
The ecological situation and modern agro-landscape improvement, soil fertility maintenance and uplifting, formation of ecologically safe agro-ecosystems with germplasm diversity in crop rotation, and cultures-soil conditioners are the focus of the study. Nitrogen is a vital element required in larger quantities by plants; however, lack of it has become a problem in organic farming. The presented study suggests ways organic farming can boost up nitrogen in return to address nitrogen deficiency. The research shows data on the harvest of three-year standing alfalfa and indicators of the efficiency of annual crops’ use in the crop rotation of organic farming. The study findings exhibited that alfalfa accumulates residues of up to 13–17 t ha-1 in three years of standing, containing more than 280–300, 63–80, and 66–120 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. In the efficiency of different crop rotations, the alfalfa accumulated 13 and 20 t ha-1 organic residues in the two- and three-year periods, respectively. More than 11 t ha-1 of green mass containing 65 to 70 kg of nitrogen, 20 to 25 kg of phosphorous, and 55 to 60 kg of potassium accumulates in the soil in welded form. By sowing in good time, mixed with oats, leave the soil with up to 12–15 t of organic matter, containing 190–200, 35–40, and 230–250 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. A pea-oat mixture of about 12.0 t ha-1 of green mass resulted in 132, 46, and 102 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. The latest findings can serve as a basis for the development of new approaches related to the organic farming system in Southeast Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Alfalfa, Southeast Kazakhstan, organic farming, crop rotation, soil fertility, green manure, light chestnut soil
Key findings: The presented findings revealed that alfalfa accumulates residues up to 13–17 t ha-1 in three years of standing, containing more than 280–300, 63–80, and 66–120 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. In various crop rotations’ efficiency, alfalfa accumulated 13 and 20 t ha-1 organic residues in two- and three-year periods, respectively.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 123-130, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.12
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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A. MULYANA, B.S. PURWOKO, I.S. DEWI, and A. MAHARIJAYA
Citation: Mulyana A, Purwoko BS, Dewi IS, Maharijaya A (2023). In vitro diploidization of haploid plantlet from anther culture of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using pendimethalin. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 115- 122. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.11.
The availability of anther culture methods for producing pure lines in a doubled-haploid (DH) plant form makes it possible to accelerate the development of hybrid varieties in eggplant. Previous studies have developed an efficient eggplant anther culture method. However, the formation of spontaneous DH plants through this method is relatively low, ranging from 25%–30%. Recently several studies reported that pendimethalin effectively duplicates the chromosome numbers of several plant species in vitro. This study aimed to determine the pendimethalin effect on the diploidization of eggplant haploid plantlets from anther culture. The study compared three concentrations of antimitotic pendimethalin: 100 μM, 300 μM, and 1000 μM in three incubation durations: two, four, and six days. The results showed the treatment with a pendimethalin concentration of 300 μM incubated for two days gave the highest level of plantlet diploidization at 75.0%. In vitro, chromosomal duplication treatment using pendimethalin with different concentrations and duration of incubation time affected the plantlet survival and growth of eggplant haploid plantlets. The increase in pendimethalin concentration and incubation duration inhibited the physiology and growth of plantlets and affected alteration in the ploidy level of eggplant haploid plantlets.
Keywords: diploidization, doubled haploid, Solanum melongena L., pendimethalin
Key findings: Pendimethalin
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 115-122, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.11
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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D.E. QULMAMATOVA
Citation: Qulmamatova DE (2023). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes evaluation for high yield through multivariate analysis. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 107-114. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.10.
Assessment of crop accessions through yield components is the most popular way for selecting welladapted and stable genotypes for certain growing conditions. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important food legume crop in Uzbekistan. The 71 chickpea genotypes received an evaluation for morphological and yield traits through principal component, cluster, and biplot analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) estimated chickpea variables into two main components accounting for 76.32% of the total variation. In chickpea genotypes, the traits viz., plant height, number of pods per plant, pods weight per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and seed yield showed a positive relationship with the first component (PC-I). Seed yield and the number of branches showed a positive correlation with the second component (PC-II). Biplot analysis indicated a positive association of seed yield (SY) with the number of branches (Br), number of pods per plant (NPP), number of seeds per plant (SPP), seed weight (SW), pod weight (PW), yet a negative association with plant height (PH). The 36 winter and 35 spring chickpea genotypes underwent analysis, then clustered based on various yield traits. The chickpea genotypes grouped into six clusters used the cluster analysis. Genotypes in cluster I and cluster VI showed the highest grain yield whereas cluster II and cluster III included the taller genotypes found suitable for mechanical harvesting. These findings can serve beneficial in chickpea hybridization for yield improvement in future breeding programs.
Keywords: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), winter and spring chickpea, principal component analysis, cluster and biplot analyses, morphological and yield traits
Key findings: Multivariate analyses revealed that studied chickpea accessions gained clustering based on their morphological traits. Statistical analysis of chickpeas can provide valuable information for future chickpea breeding programs.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 107-114, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.10
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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HERMAN, H. AL-KHAIRI, A.R. WANSYAH, ASMANIA, R.I. UTAMI, D.N. ANZAELINA, Z. OKTAVIANO, W. LESTARI, ADIWIRMAN, and D.I. ROSLIM
Citation: Herman, Al-Khairi H, Wansyah AR, Asmania, Utami RI, Anzaelina DN, Oktaviano Z, Lestari W, Adiwirman, Roslim DI (2023). The ability of matK and trnL-trnL-trnF intergenic spacer to discern certain species accessions of the families Solanaceae and Fabaceae. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 97-106. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.9.
Indonesia, as a mega-biodiversity country, has many kinds of tropical fruits. Solanaceae and Fabaceae families contain plant species that produce fruits and vegetables for human food, such as ‘rimbang’ (Solanum torvum), ‘terung asam’ (S. ferox), ‘kabau’ (Archidendron microcarpum), ‘jengkol’ (A. pauciflorum), and ‘petai’ (Parkia speciosa). This study aimed to determine the ability of DNA barcodes (matK and trnL-trnL-trnF intergenic spacer [IGS]) in distinguishing some of those tropical fruit plants. Plant materials came from Riau Province, Indonesia. Methods developed include total DNA extraction from fresh leaves and PCR using the primer pairs to amplify matK and trnL-trnL-trnF IGS. The PCR products underwent sequencing, with the DNA sequences analyzed using MEGA6. In this study, the obtained matK and trnL-trnL-trnF IGS sequences showed lengths ranging from 800 bp to 892 bp and 872 bp to 1113 bp, respectively. The matK and trnL-trnL-trnF IGS sequences of S. ferox, A. microcarpum, and A. pauciflorum provided the first sequences reported in those species. Several nucleotide variations in matK sequences emerged among the studied accessions caused by substitution mutation, including transversion and transition. No indel (insertion-deletion) mutation in the studied matK sequences occurred. Indel can also cause variations in trnL-trnL-trnF IGS sequences among the studied accessions aside from substitution mutation. For species S. torvum, S. ferox, and P. speciosa, there came about some decisive nucleotides based on the matK sequences. Moreover, for species S. torvum, S. ferox, A. microcarpum, A. pauciflorum, and P. speciose, there occurred few critical nucleotides based on trnL-trnL-trnF IGS. Also, there was a critical nucleotide for large-fruited ‘jengkol’ (one of the populations in A. pauciflorum) based on trnL-trnL-trnF IGS. However, both DNA barcodes could not differentiate the two types of S. ferox, i.e., ‘terung asam’ and ‘terung bulu.’ Both DNA barcodes showed to differentiate some species members of both families Solanaceae and Fabaceae into separate clusters. Moreover, compared with matK, the trnL-trnL-trnF IGS indicated uniqueness in discriminating populations within species.
Keywords: Solanaceae, Fabaceae, species, population types, DNA barcodes, matK, trnL-trnL-trnF intergenic spacer
Key findings: DNA barcode sequences of matK and trnL-trnL-trnF IGS revealed the high variations caused by mutations, namely, insertion and deletion in trnL-trnL-trnF IGS and substitution in matK. These mutations could distinguish the species into separate groups belonging to the families Solanaceae and Fabaceae. DNA barcode trnL-trnL-trnF IGS revealed more promising for discriminating populations within species.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
55 (1) 97-106, 2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.9
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978
Date published: February 2023
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