Citation: Ansabayeva A, Akhmetbekova A (2024). Biological products sway the yield and quality traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a continental climate. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(1): 45-53. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.4.
Summary
An increased intensity of agricultural mineral fertilizers’ use to raise crop yields has disrupted the soil’s natural balance. Researchers worldwide continually analyze biological factors in farming systems as a transitional stage to organic farming to increase soil fertility. The presented study pursued evaluating the effect of organic products on the yield and quality indicators of chickpeas in the continental climate of the Kostanay Region, Republic of Kazakhstan. In this study, the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar Yubileinyi, sown with four variants, used various biological preparations and a control (pure sowing). The plant samples’ analysis ensued in the laboratory of the State Institution Republican Scientific and Methodological Center of Agrochemical Service, with the field experiments established in the Zarechnoye Agricultural Experimental Station Limited Liability Partnership. The object of the study was the cultivar. During the probe period, the experimental site climate had a continental characteristic, meteorological conditions were arid, and the hydrothermal coefficient was 1.0. Based on various experiment variants and the biological preparations, chickpea grain yield ranged from 8,740 to 13,699 kg ha-1 compared with the control treatment (7,980 kg ha-1). The chickpea’s quality indicators also showed improvements, and the grains harvested from one hectare contained 245.6 kg of protein and 62.4 kg of carbohydrates. The significant yield improvement in chickpeas was due to increased organic active substances in the different preparations used during the study.
The biological preparations, viz., Baikal EM-1 and Rizovit AKS, compared with the mineral fertilizer (double superphosphate), significantly enhanced the growth and yield traits of the chickpea crop.
F. ROVIQOWATI, SAMANHUDI, T.J. SANTOSO, E. PURWANTO, A. SISHARMINI, A. APRIANA, and A. YUNUS
Citation: Roviqowati F, Samanhudi, Santoso TJ, Purwanto E, Sisharmini A, Apriana A, Yunus A (2024). Introduction of CRISPR/Cas9 with the target genes to improve agronomic traits and leaf blight resistance in rice. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(1): 29-44. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.3.
Summary
Improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality is crucial to obtaining local rice with better genetic potential and superiority. The research aimed to construct a CRISPR/Cas9 module cassette and introduce the construct into rice to develop a new non-transgenic superior Mentik Susu variety with early maturity, short stem, high yield, and resistance to bacterial leaf blight. The annealed oligonucleotides of gRNA spacers of the HD2 gene ligated into pDIRECT-21A vector plasmid used the golden gate reaction to construct a CRISPR/Cas9 module cassette. The recombinant plasmid’s verification by digestion engaged a combination of KpnI-HindIII restriction enzymes and Sanger DNA sequencing. The Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation procedure introduced the CRISPR/Cas9 cassettes (four module cassettes with different gRNAs of the genes, i.e., GA20ox-2, OsCKX2, OsSWEET11, and HD2) into the rice genome with immature rice embryos as explants. Molecular analysis of the transformed T0 putative lines ensued to identify the insertion of T-DNA fragments (containing the Cas9 and hptII genes) and the occurrence of mutagenesis employing PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The result showed that the CRISPR/Cas9 cassette vector containing the Cas9 gene and the targeted gRNA construction succeeded. Rice transformations of Mentik Susu have generated 157 T0 putative lines, with several of the lines harboring the Cas9 and hptII genes detected positively. Sanger DNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that eight rice lines had a mutation occurrence in the target genes, i.e., two mutations in the OsGA20ox line, five mutations in the OsSWEET11 lines, and one mutation in the Gn-1a (OsCKX2) line. Based on these results, it is probable that the mutant lines also have a phenotype change that is beneficial to produce promising rice genotypes with early maturing, short stems, high yield, and bacterial leaf blight resistance.
Oryza sativa L., Mentik Susu rice cultivar, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9, mutagenesis, early maturity, high yield
The presented research has successfully constructed the CRISPR/Cas9-gRNA-HD2 vector cassette and introduced the construct into rice cv. ‘Mentik Susu’ to edit the HD2 gene for developing an early-maturity rice cultivar. Genome editing of the multiple-gene targets (GA20ox-2, OsCKX2, OsSWEET11, and HD2 gene) in rice cv. ‘Mentik Susu’ has resulted in obtaining several rice lines with the CRISPR mutated genes.
R.R. GARDOCE, D.A. RAMIREZ, H.F. GALVEZ, F.M. DELA CUEVA, A.C. LAURENA, and C.E. REAÑO
Citation: Gardoce RR, Ramirez DA, Galvez HF, Dela Cueva FM, Laurena AC, Reaño CE (2024). Sequence variability and in vitro cleavage of chitinase homologs toward CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing in Philippine bananas. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 18-28. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.2.
Summary
The technology based on CRISPR/Cas9, one of the potential solutions recognized for addressing the worsening situation of fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense ‘Tropical Race 4’ (TR4) plaguing the Philippine banana industry, still lacks information on its use to target host resistance in Philippine bananas. This study reports the elucidation of the gene sequence of chitinase homologs chit6 and chac in the leading Philippine dessert banana varieties, ‘Lakatan’ and ‘Latundan,’ and the design, selection, and pre-validation of sgRNAs using in vitro cleavage assay. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the conserved sites, SNPs, and indels. Evolutionary analysis disclosed that the pattern of nucleotide substitution resulted in an overall bias in favor of adenine and thymine changing to cytosine and guanine. It said transitions outnumber transversions typical of clonally propagated crops. The in silico prediction initially identified a total of 58 sgRNAs for chit6 and 68 sgRNAs for chac, with 58.62% and 58.97% found across ‘Latundan’ and ‘Lakatan’/’Mapilak’ backgrounds, respectively. A design criteria imposition for plants and consideration of the predicted efficiency and localization of sgRNAs along the targets narrowed down the sgRNAs. Four selected efficient sgRNAs were demonstrated to cleave all targets under in vitro assay with Cas9, showing its potential for gene editing by the SDN-1 or SDN-2 mechanism. With unavailable protocols for embryogenic cell suspension and corresponding delivery systems for these varieties, this in vitro approach provides a strategy to identify potential sgRNAs to streamline resources for the gene-editing pipeline and a guide to employing CRISPR/Cas9
This reports the elucidation of the full-length sequence of the chitinase gene homologs chit6 and chac in the leading Philippine dessert banana varieties ‘Lakatan,’ its mutant derivative ‘Mapilak,’ and ‘Latundan,’ revealing conserved sites, point mutations, and their classification. The selection criteria employing in silico prediction resulted in designing and selecting efficient sgRNAs that exhibited cleavage of designated targets in all genomic backgrounds evaluated under in vitro cleavage assay, offering valuable information for prospective research harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to manipulate chit6 and chac for breeding TR4 resistance or functional studies in ‘Lakatan’/’Mapilak’ and ‘Latundan.’
Citation: Anwar MT, Chaki T, Sagor GHM (2024). Genetic and stability analyses for the selection of terminal heat stress- tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes in Bangladesh. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet.56 (1) 1-17. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.1.
Summary
The high temperature during crop growing seasons is prevalent in the Indo-Gangetic region, causing heat stress to the plants. Heat stress in wheat is a threat to food security and agricultural sustainability. Finding a heat-stress stable wheat genotype is a timely demand. A field study scrutinized 60 genotypes, designed with five different sowing dates, each with 10-day intervals, to identify the stable one. All the growth parameters showed significant responses to terminal heat stress effects. Wheat yield declined by 20%–57% with the successive heat-stress increases with late sowing dates. Most plant growth parameters had a similar or slight variation in genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). The higher PCV in pollen sterility, chlorophyll content, and the number of filled grains than GCV indicates environmental influence on the expression of the characters studied. These parameters also showed a direct positive effect on crop yield when analyzed in their path coefficients. Genotype performance in yield incurred heat-stress tolerance index tests and revealed that Sourav, Gourav, SA-8, Chyria 3, CB-47, and Sabia genotypes had suitable tolerance, stress-susceptibility, and high-yield stability indexes, indicating higher yields in stress condition. AMMI analysis also showed a significant variation, and the genotypes SA-8, Chyria 3, Pavan, DSN-117, and Sonalika were the most stable. The most unstable genotypes were SA-2, Kheri, and FYN-PVN. The genotypes SA-8, Chyria 3, Pavan, DSN-117, and Sonalika can benefit further breeding as sources of genetic material to develop heat-tolerant, high-yielding wheat varieties.
Heat stress significantly affected all the yield-contributing parameters, causing yield reduction at late sown dates by 20%–57% than the optimum planting date. Yield-contributing parameters which had high heritability also influenced environmentally, among the 60 genotypes of wheat SA-8, Chyria 3, Pavan, DSN-117 and Sonalika showing stable performance under different heat-stress conditions, opposite to the SA-2 genotype. The selected materials can further benefit as source materials to develop heat-tolerant, high-yielding wheat varieties.
R.M. MOHSIN, K.N. ABD ASAL, A.A. KAMALUDDIN, and A.A. ZAKY
Citation: Mohsin RM, Abd Asal KN, Kamaluddin AA, Zaky AA (2023). Genotypes and storage duration effects on the quality of cut flower – gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 260-267. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.24.
Summary
Studies on cut flowers have occurred, for improving their quality is the main priority. One of the top 10 cut flowers in the world, the gerbera, or Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), is a flowering plant. The presented study aimed to investigate the effect of genotypes, storage duration, and their interactions on the quality of cut flower – Transvaal daisy. Two cultivars of Gerbera (sweet smile and sweet surprise) and their four storage durations underwent examination on the various parameters of vase life and carbohydrates. The results exhibited that the cultivar ‘Sweet smile’ had exceptional values of the studied parameters compared with the cultivar ‘Sweet surprise.’ The treatment of seven days with dry-cool storage proved superior upon 14- and 21-day treatments (11.71, 11.05, and 5.94, respectively) and had the highest positive effects on vase life and flower carbohydrate content compared with the other two storage treatments. The treatment of zero days (non-stored flowers) was significantly superior to seven-day storage. The interactions of cultivars and storage durations gave the highest effect in reducing the depletion of the carbohydrates content in cultivars with zero days, increasing the flower’s vase life. Therefore, the highest values recorded for the cultivar Sweet smile are zero days, followed by seven days of storage, compared with the rest of the treatments.
Key finding: For gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), the highest desirable values emerged for the cultivar, Sweet smile, at zero days, followed by seven days of storage compared with other treatments. Sucrose is widely used in floral preservation, while cold storage facilitates conservation.
Citation: Al-Nema QS, Abdullah RM (2023). Propagation protocol of the medicinal plant – aloe vera using tissue culture. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 254-259. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.23.
Summary
Aloe vera is one of the most popular cactus-type plants in the global market due to its widespread uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and decorative purposes. The present study derived callus cultures from the Aloe vera plant leaves, then reproduced on agar-solidified MS medium from June to December 2021 at the University of Mosul, Iraq. Results revealed that the MS medium + 3.0 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA) proved suitable for induction of leaf callus up to 85%, while the MS medium supplement with 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 BA reached 70%. The MS medium with 1.0 mg L-1 BA showed the best results for growing apical shoots of A. vera plants and producing vegetative branches. The formation of roots emerged within two weeks after placing them on the rooting medium. The shoots regenerated from the growing apices and were rooted easily in agar-solidified MS medium. The obtained plants attained successful acclimatization in terms of their growth and length, afterward, transferred to the peat-moss mixture.
Key finding: The study aimed to identify the behavior of Aloe vera plants in the culture medium represented by the formation of callus cultures and their differentiation.
Citation: Hieu PV, Toan TB (2023). Agricultural development based on CRISPR-CAS9 and Retrons techniques: A perspective application on tomato. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 237-253. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.22.
Summary
Plant breeding has recently become a vital process in developing desired crop plants. Advances in genetic engineering occur more quickly than ever, with several crops generally created through traditional and modern techniques resulting in increased biomass and phytochemical compounds and adapted to the detrimental environment, such as biotic and abiotic stresses. More precisely, thousands of plant species gained enhancements suitable to various climatic and topographic conditions through genome editing; hence, people’s dreams soon became a reality by implementing biotechnology to study many well-established fundamental grounds. Beliefs that biotechnology will progressively develop are happening in various aspects of modern sciences for crop development to be implemented based on genetic material. Besides the aforementioned benefits, this review manuscript will describe the progress of genome editing like CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) with its modification and Retrons in crops and then determine its beneficial effects, which are more valuable through the application of these methods in crop development. The review further aims to assess the perspective application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the development strategies of virus-resistant tomatoes.
Key findings: The present review insights on describing the development of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons techniques and the benefits of its notable effects showed more valuable through the application on crop development. A prospective application on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of CRISPR-Cas9 and Retrons technique in the development strategies for virus-resistance tomato also needs a concern.
Citation: Al-Kurtany AES, Ali SAM, Oleawy MF (2023). Tomato seedling production using an inoculum prepared with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) isolates SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 230-236. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.21.
Summary
A study to attain healthy tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seedlings through environment-friendly natural biological products took place from January to March 2022. Determining the effects of the inoculum prepared from five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates, i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Kineococcus radiotolerans on the production of tomato seedlings, experiments proceeded at the Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq. The isolates underwent screening for their efficiency as a biostimulant to dissolve insoluble phosphate compounds and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and chelating compounds. The results showed the ability of all the isolates to produce IAA, chelating compounds, and solubility of phosphates. The P. fluorescens isolate showed superior in its phosphate solubilization and IAA production (41.30 mg p-1, 13.00 mg ml-1), followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans, respectively, with the production of medium chelating compounds. The results also showed the superiority of the inoculated treatments over the non-inoculated treatments in the percentage and speed of germination, the length of tomato seedlings, the shoot dry weight, the number of leaves per plant, and root weight parts. The treatments with P. fluorescens displayed significant superiority in all studied traits, followed by P. putida, E. cloacae, L. fusiformis, and K. radiotolerans.
Key findings: The inoculum prepared from bacteria P. fluorescens proved superior over the rest of the bacterial species. Hence, highly recommended for adoption to produce healthy seedlings of tomato by relying on the biological inoculum.
To cite this manuscript: Sabra DM, Reda AM, El-Shawy EA, El-Refaee YZ, Abdelraouf RE (2023). Improving barley production under deficient irrigation water and mineral fertilizers conditions. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 211-229. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.20.
Summary
Scarcity in irrigation water led to a gradual increase in water stress, consequently causing a decrease in dry matter, nitrogen uptake, productivity, and the protein content of barley. During two growing seasons, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, two field experiments ensued to improve barley production in sandy soil under a deficit of irrigation water. The statistical analysis helped recommend the best factors to achieve maximum benefit with barley production under dry conditions and nitrogen mineral fertilizers. The significant variations occurred when irrigating with 60% full irrigation only, but were nonsignificant when irrigating with 80% full irrigation. Increasing the number of mineral fertilization doses to nine times resulted in higher nitrogen concentrations and availability inside the root-spreading area for the longest possible period without washing outside the root-spreading area by deep percolation than when given with three doses only. Irrigating with 80% full irrigation and nine dosages of mineral fertilization obtained the highest and best yield values. It resulted in a 20% reduction in irrigation water use and increased nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness through repeated application doses, resulting in increased productivity and less groundwater pollution. The simulation model received SALTMED model values with high accuracy for most of the studied traits; the R2 was not less than 0.97; therefore, it can function well under sandy soil conditions, which suffer from water scarcity.
Keywords: Deficit irrigation, fertilization doses, SALTMED model, soil moisture, water stress, water productivity, barley
Key findings: The low productivity of barley crops results in less irrigation water. Saving 20% of irrigation water happened with nonsignificant differences in productivity values when irrigating 100% or 80% of full irrigation occurred. Increasing the frequency of fertilizing doses leads to higher productivity values. Using the SALTMED Model gave high accuracy in simulating actual results.
SH.O. BASTAUBAYEVA, B.M. AMANGALIEV, E.K. ZHUSSUPBEKOV, L.K. TABYNBAYEVA, M. BATYRBEK, А.T. RAIYMBEKOVA, S. MEMON, and S.A. MEMON
To cite this manuscript: Bastaubayeva SO, Amangaliev BM, Zhussupbekov EK, Tabynbayeva LK, Batyrbek M, Raiymbekova AT, Memon S, Memon SA (2023). Irrigation and mineral fertilizer effects on physical properties of light chestnut soil used in the cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(1): 202- 210. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.19.
Summary
This work studied the effect of irrigation and mineral fertilizers on the physical properties of light chestnut soil used in cultivating sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The experiment happened in 2021 on an irrigated field with an area of 2 ha in the territory of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, District Karasai, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. A sugar beet hybrid (obtained from domestic selection ‘Aksu’ and foreign selection ‘Yampol’) cultivation used four levels of mineral fertilizers, i.e., 0:0:0 (control), 90:90:60, 120:120:90, and 150:150:120 NPK kg ha-1. During the sugar beet growing season, all periods of observations recorded an increase in the bulk density in the upper, middle, and lower soil layers, from 1.14–1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31–1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm soil layers decreased from the germination phase to harvesting of sugar beet in extensive technology (10.0%–15.7%) and intensive technologies (2.3%–13.1%). In these soil layers, the number of water-stable aggregates decreased from the beginning of renewal to the end of the growing season of sugar beet in technology without the use of fertilizers (2.9%–6.4%) and in technologies with the application of mineral fertilizers (1.6%–7.6%). In the soil layers, the noted highest content of productive moisture occurred in the phase of closing the leaves in the rows with the extensive technology of sugar beet cultivation (51.5–213.2 mm). Irrigation during the sugar beet growing season reduces the content of agronomically-valuable and water-stable aggregates in soil layers to the minimum values for harvesting in technology without the use of fertilizers (50.5%–54.4% and 12.9%–14.2%) and technology with the use of mineral fertilizers (52.3%–54.4% and 10.9%–13.5%), respectively.
Keywords: Sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.), light chestnut soil, soil layers, soil aggregates, mineral fertilizers, productive moisture, bulk density
Key findings: During the growing season of sugar beet, an increase in bulk density in the upper, middle and lower layers of the soil was observed for all observation periods from 1.14-1.27 g/cm3 to 1.31-1.48 g/cm3. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the soil layers of 0-10 cm, 10- 20 cm and 20-30 cm decreased from the germination phase to the harvesting of sugar beet by extensive technology (10.0-15.7%) and intensive technology (2.3-13.1%).