One of the major tasks faced by wheat breeders in Uzbekistan is to enhance wheat genotypes’ adaptability to soil and other environmental conditions and improve the grain quality, making the country self-sufficient in wheat grains and later becoming an exporter. Better results are achievable using the world wheat collection, including the CIMMYT germplasm. Determination of the positive correlation of physiological traits of new wheat cultivars, the importance of physiological indicators of water balance with productivity, and the vital role of these indicators in productivity level were the chief concerns. The timely study evaluated heat resilience, rust resistance, and grain yield in bread wheat genotypes. Bread wheat germplasm obtained from CIMMYT with a background of artificial infection of yellow rust incurred scrutiny for their rust resistance. A 15% incidence was detectable in seven genotypes; however, necrosis quickly formed around the symptoms of the disease in plant leaves, preventing its further development. Resistant wheat accessions, i.e., 1088, 1164 (R), 1006, and 1251 (MR), occurred as moderately resistant, showing high leaf area and grain yield. The average value of the genotypes was low, mainly due to the two rust-resistant samples, and the 1000-grain weight was 34.8 g and 34.6 g, respectively, and the grains per spike and grain yield were lower than the average. The chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, relative water content, flag leaf area, and production traits of the genotypes К-1088 and К-1164 gained assessment, revealed to be physiologically effective under the field conditions of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Quantitative indicators of the productivity of these wheat genotypes indicated positive differentiation. Selection ensued for promising accessions to develop initial sources for producing the wheat genotypes with rust resistance and high grain yield under the environmental conditions of Uzbekistan.

Keywords: Bread wheat (T. aestivum L.), wheat yellow rust, rust resistance, heat tolerance, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, water content, grain yield

Key findings: By comparing with the standard check, a lower average value of the wheat accessions
was mainly due to the two rust-resistant genotypes, K-1164 and K-1289, which also have 1000-grain weights of 36.1 g and 34.8 g, respectively. The grain yield of these genotypes was also much lower than the average yield. Desirable chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, relative water content, leaf area of flag leaves, and higher grain yield were substantial in the wheat landraces К-1088, К-1082, and К-1164 and proved to be physiologically effective under environmental conditions of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Quantitative indicators of the productivity of these accessions provided positive differentiation, with these genotypes recording higher values than the rest of the entries.

Investigating the current state of organic wine produced from autochthonous and introduced grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars on the increasing demand of organic products worldwide was the focus of this study. Organic wines underwent comparative assessment with conventional winemaking practices, with the variations in its quality traits also analyzed. Particular attention centered on certification issues and the significance of developing organic wine production in Azerbaijan. The analytical study proceeded on organic wine samples produced from different grape cultivars in the Mountainous Shirvan Region. The results revealed organic wines were relatively less complex in terms of aroma and bouquet compared with conventional wines. However, organic wines appeared considerably easier to assimilate by consumers, although both types of wines showed similar drinking comfort characteristics. The concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), being a vital quality parameter, ranged between 19.3 and 33.8 mg/L and was within the limits established by regulatory standards. The analysis enunciated that organic wines produced from different grape cultivars possess the highest physicochemical quality indicators. Alcohol content, acidity, phenolic profile, and SO₂ levels complied with technological and international standards.

Keywords: Organic wine, grape (V. vinifera L.) cultivars, environmentally friendly production, viticulture, Ecovin certification, physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation

Key findings: The analysis of organic biowine samples produced from different grape (V. vinifera L.) cultivars showed the highest quality indicators for physicochemical parameters. Alcohol content, acidity, phenolic profile, and SO₂ levels complied with technological and international standards.

The maize (Zea mays L.) crop holds strategic importance for food and feed industries in Azerbaijan and worldwide. During production processing, the kernels’ damage directly affects grain storage durability and quality. When feeding husked ears into stationary threshers, kernel damage considerably increases, causing serious losses in the food industry and seed production. However, to minimize these threshing problems, the preliminary use of rubber-surfaced roller husk removers is of foremost importance. These husk removers separate the husks more smoothly from the cobs, considerably reducing mechanical damage to the kernels, and consequently, the product quality improves and decreases processing losses. In the presented study, the best possible ear deformation angle (ψₐ) that ensures prompt and delay-free husk removal reached successful determination experimentally for three Zaqatala maize cultivars. This parameter plays an important role in minimizing kernel damage during mechanical processing. Experiments conducted had maize ear moisture contents of 28.8%–32.4%, which also seemed the optimal technological condition for maize processing. The results revealed that correct selection of the ear deformation angle preserves kernels’ integrity while concurrently increasing productivity of the processing equipment. These parameters will enable the development of more efficient technologies in the future.

Keywords: Maize (Z. mays L.), husk removal, ear deformation angle, rubber roller husker, postharvest technology, Zaqatala maize cultivars, kernel damage reduction

Key findings: The maize (Z. mays L.) ear deformation angle (ψₐ) considerably enhanced with rising husk pulling speed. Within the compressive force range of 85–457 N, the effect on the optimal angle was minimal. A 90° pressure direction combined with a roller surface that follows the ear curve considerably reduced the risk of kernel damage in maize.

Field geobotanical studies revealed that desert vegetation (Suaedeta) has the dominance of the genus Suaeda Forsk. ex Scop. Species, conducted in 2024–2025 in the winter pastures of the Shirvan Plain, Azerbaijan. The studies recorded formations where Suaeda species acted as edificators, specifically within the formations of Suaedeta-Halostachysetum, Suaedeta-Salsolosum, and Artemisieta-Suaedetum. The species composition, structure, productivity, forage quality, and grazing capacity received analysis and measurement for their efficient use. In desert vegetation, such geobotanical study was of greater relevance for sustainable use of summer and winter pastures and hayfields and combating desertification in Azerbaijan. These results will improve the understanding of desert vegetation dynamics in semi-arid regions. They will also provide data relevant to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), specifically SDG 2 through quantified grazing capacity and forage biomass and SDG 15 through the conservation of Red Book species and halophytic desert indicators. In previous studies on desert vegetation in Azerbaijan, specific data on phytocoenological structure, forage productivity, and grazing capacity of Suaeda-dominated communities was insufficient in the winter pastures of the Shirvan Plain. Therefore, this study will provide the first detailed phytosociological classification and quantitative assessment of specific formations’ biomass and grazing capacity, establishing a vital baseline for sustainable pasture management and desertification mitigation.

Keywords: Suaedeta desert vegetation, formations, species, pasture, hayfield, edificatory, SDG-2, SDG-13, SDG-15

Key findings: Suaedeta desert vegetation, comprising winter pastures in the Shirvan Plain, Azerbaijan, appeared to be compositionally rich in valuable forage species, primarily cereal grasses, and especially legumes and forbs.

In cropping systems, land serves as an operational foundation and an object of labor with productivity. The definition of land productivity can be a specific property—soil fertility, which proves land as an undisputed primary means of agricultural production that largely dictates the efficiency of crop production. The following study aimed to determine global trends, national challenges, and prospects for sustainable soil resources management in Central Asia. The research, comprising main theoretical concepts, especially involved problems of soil degradation. Comparative and correlation analysis of indicators and sub-indicators of the Global Food Security Index took place for the TOP 10 countries and Central Asian countries. These sought to determine the place of Central Asian countries in the world food security ranking, including the state of soil resources, and to establish the impact of the state of soil resources on food security. An expert survey succeeded in identifying relevant measures to manage the risks related to soil resources. The study concluded with proposed measures against soil resource risks. These responded with soil degradation, pollution, violation of the optimal land use ratio, and the unsatisfactory phytosanitary condition of crops, which can help prevent negative consequences for crop production in Central Asia.

Keywords: Crop production, land resources, soil resources, soil degradation, sustainable management, state of soil resources, Central Asian countries

Key findings: Based on the comparative analysis of Global Food Security Index (GFSI) indicators, the study identified soil degradation and low soil organic matter as the most critical constraints to crop production and food security in Central Asian countries. Expert assessment showed that integrated soil management measures—combining sustainable tillage, optimized crop rotations, soil remediation, and balanced land-use structure—can substantially reduce soil degradation risks and improve long-term crop productivity.

Increased production of high-quality feed with reduced cost is an important direction in the development of animal husbandry. Perennial leguminous grasses can fulfill the 80% requirements of livestock for roughage. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has the valuable nutrient composition that enriches the protein component of animal diets, as well as high productivity and adaptability to various growing conditions. This research aimed to analyze the green mass yield, as well as evaluate the biochemical composition and nutritional values of alfalfa forage with the application of biological preparations. The variant with Organit P + Organit N + Biodux outperformed other treatments, reaching a green mass yield of 160.0 g/m², which represented a statistically significant increase of 11.8 g/m² (or 8.0%) compared with the control. The use of biopreparations had a noticeable effect on crude protein content, which ranged from 13.73% to 17.75% on the dry matter basis. In the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment using biological preparations (Organit N + Organit P + Biodux), the carotene content was the highest (89.8 mg/kg of feed) and exceeded the control sample by 17.3 mg/kg. The highest crude fiber content (26.4%) recorded was in the variant (Organit N + Organit P + Biodux) versus the control (23.3%).

Keywords: Alfalfa (M. sativa L.), seed inoculation, biological preparations, forage quality, correlation, biochemical composition, protein content, crude fibers

Key findings: In alfalfa (M. sativa L.), the highest digestible protein content resulted in the pre-sown seeds treated with biological preparations Organit N (12.3%) and Systemica M (12.1%), exceeding the control by 1.69% and 1.43%, respectively. Overall, forage quality and economically valuable traits enhanced by 10%–20%.

Unlike other cereal crops, maize (Zea mays L.) kernels do not shatter and fall on the ground upon reaching maturity. This feature develops constructive conditions for the complete collection of maize grains. However, at this point, kernel growth ceases. At the beginning of the milk-wax maturity stage, ear moisture remained 40% to 50%. Such ears require drying either in the field or in special dryers. For seed production, maize harvest occurs at the complete physiological maturity stage. Synchronized harvesting with kernel separation is an option as and when kernel moisture content remains 2%-30%. However, the entire harvesting operation should be final within 10–15 days. Grain maize harvesting can proceed once the dry matter content exceeds 60% in the kernels. At this stage, a distinct black layer appears at the point where the kernel is attached to the cob. For the preparation of ear-kernel mixtures, harvesting is considerably optimal when the dry matter content of husked ears reaches 50%–60%. However, the harvested material must not stay in the field until late autumn. Once frosts begin, the germination capacity of high-moisture maize kernels declines rapidly. These results provide essential information for the designing and adjustment of maize harvesting and postharvest equipment.

Keywords: Grain maize (Z. mays L.), maize harvesting, ear and kernel traits, postharvest technology, ear deformation, kernel moisture, seed quality, drying technology, kernel separation, coefficient of variation

Key findings: Maize’s (Z. mays L.) full mechanical harvesting is possible due to the nonshattering nature at maturity; however, improper combined settings cause substantial losses. Maize optimal harvesting for grain begins at milk-wax maturity; however, full maturity is necessary for seed production purposes.

Desert poplar (Populus euphratica) is a key tree species in riparian ecosystems, significantly contributing to ecological stability, biodiversity conservation, and the protection of desert landscapes in Central Asia. However, natural populations and vegetation, including those in the Zarafshan National Park, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, have gained increasing effects from defoliating insect pests, especially Apocheima cinerarius, which belongs to the family Geometridae and order Lepidoptera. The larvae feed actively on poplar leaves, causing severe defoliation during outbreak periods. Defoliation reduces photosynthetic capacity, weakens tree vitality, and increases vulnerability to environmental stress conditions. Recurring foliage damage may result in reduced growth, crown thinning, and limited natural regeneration, ultimately disrupting the ecological balance of arid riparian forests. Field surveys conducted from 2021 to 2025 across riparian lowlands, river terraces, and semi-arid zones, revealed clear spatial and seasonal variations in larval density and foliage damage. Larval abundance peaked in late spring and early summer, with the highest defoliation observed in lowland forests, while semi-arid zones experienced less damage. A significant (p < 0.05) correlation between larval density and defoliation (r = 0.62) highlighted the important role of population size in leaf loss. This study provides field-based insights into population dynamics and supports the strategies in sustainable pest management.

Keywords: Desert poplar (Populus euphratica), Apocheima cinerarius, defoliation, forest pests, riparian ecosystems, ecological monitoring, integrated pest management

Key findings: Defoliation by Apocheima cinerarius in Populus euphratica populations revealed an irregular distribution across the Zarafshan National Park. The intensity of foliage damage varied with ecological conditions and season. The highest defoliation occurred in lowland riparian areas during late spring and early summer, when larval feeding activity peaked.

The subsequent study aimed to determine the humus stock variations with diverse utilization of arable gray-brown soils in the arid subtropical zone. Based on the results, significant variations were prominent in humus stocks of gray-brown soils with diverse arable land uses under arid subtropical conditions. Climate change also considerably contributes to intensification of this process. Field and laboratory analyses revealed that the humus content in the topsoil ranges between 2.13% and 2.48%. The recording of lower humus levels appeared with cotton and maize crops, whereas relatively higher values were evident with alfalfa and winter wheat. The highest increase in humus content surfaced under alfalfa (0.26%), while the lowest increase was in the maize crop (0.05%). The input of plant residues varied, reaching 94 t/ha under alfalfa and 3.59 t/ha under vegetable crops (tomatoes). Over the last 15 years, mineralized humus under alfalfa reached 1.60 t/ha, while the lowest value (1.05 t/ha) emerged under vegetable crops. In the 0–30 cm soil layer, the humus stock balance was 28.58% for alfalfa and 2.60% for silage maize. Overall, a positive balance was notable with alfalfa, winter wheat, and grain maize, whereas a negative balance occurred for silage maize, cotton, and vegetable crops.

Keywords: Arid subtropics, gray-brown soils, humus loss, mineralization, humus balance

Key findings: Crop type was distinctively the main factor in the management of humus dynamics, with perennial crops (alfalfa and grasses) enhancing humus accumulation, while intensive crops (cotton, maize, and vegetables) contributed to its depletion. Overall, sustainable humus management requires the inclusion of perennial crops for improved residue return to the soil.

This study aimed to evaluate the ripening parameters of seven grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, Shiraz, Rkatsiteli, Sauvignon Blanc, Traminer, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Bayanshira, cultivated in the mountain-marine zone of Aghbash Village, Shabran District, Azerbaijan. They sustained assessment through physicochemical properties of wines produced from these grape cultivars during 2024. In grape berries, determining the mass concentration of sugars, titratable acidity, and pH succeeded. In wine samples, ethanol volume fraction, residual sugar, titratable acidity, volatile acidity, extract content, total and free sulfur dioxide, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and tannins underwent analysis. The results revealed the combined influence of mountains and marine factors significantly affects the grape’s biochemical composition and wine quality parameters. The highest sugar concentration resulted in cultivars Cabernet Franc and Bayanshira (23.4 g/100 cm³), whereas the highest titratable acidity emerged in the cultivar Rkatsiteli (7.0 g/L). The pH values of the studied grape cultivars were within the optimal range. The physicochemical parameters of the wines complied with current regulatory requirements. The red wines exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics, anthocyanins, and tannins compared with white wines.

Keywords: Grape (V. vinifera L.) cultivars, grapes’ biochemical composition, wines’ physicochemical parameters, grape maturity, Caspian Sea, Greater Caucasus Mountains

Key findings: The interaction of topographic factors, sea breezes, solar radiation, and temperature played a key role in shaping the sugar-acid balance of grapes (V. vinifera L.). The mountain-sea terroir of the Shabran Region developed favorable ecological conditions for the production of high-quality industrial grapes and wine products, confirming the potential for sustainable development of the industry in this region.