GENETIC ADAPTATION PATHWAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING CLASSIFICATION MODELS—A REVIEW

GENETIC ADAPTATION PATHWAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING CLASSIFICATION MODELS—A REVIEW

M.I. HAMDAN, H.E. ALFAHDAWI, Y.M. AHMED, K.A. MERZAH, and A.F.Z. AL-DULAIMY

Citation: Hamdan MI, Alfahdawi HE, Ahmed YM, Merzah KA, Al-Dulaimy AFZ (2026). Genetic adaptation pathways and environmental zoning classification models—A review. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 58 (4) 1816-1825. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2026.58.4.32.

Summary

This study aimed to develop special paths for genetic-environmental interference and classify them based on their economic yield. As for genetic composition, the appropriate environment is the basic condition in developing superior cultivars through breeding programs. Genetic variation helps in distinguishing genetic compositions under different environments and maintaining their economic yield for long and short terms. Flexible genetic variation enables the genotypes to adapt to the changing environment and develop genes for resistance to various stress factors while stabilizing their production. Based on this, the classification of environments depended on their productive capacity into ideal, very suitable, suitable, and weak, depending upon the crop goals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the percentage of genotypes’ contribution to ideal, appropriate, and specialized environments and their patterns of environmental distribution. The genetic-environmental interactions also reached either a positive or negative interpretation, depending on the genotypes’ response to the existing environment, as per plastic models and diagrams that facilitate the classification process.

Genotypes, breeding programs, genetic pathways, environmental variations, environmental classification, genotype-by-environment interactions

The results confirmed that knowledge of genotype-by-environment interactions is the key factor in developing plant cultivars resilient and adaptable to climate change.

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SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics
58 (4) 1816-1825, 2026
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2026.58.4.32
http://sabraojournal.org/
pISSN 1029-7073; eISSN 2224-8978

Date published: August 2026

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