Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important export crop, requiring high-quality beans with sustainable production to meet market demands. For genetic enhancement, controlled hybridization provides a pathway to improving bean quality and increasing genetic variation in cacao. This study evaluated phenotypic variation in 16 quantitative traits of F1 progeny derived from four cross combinations and performed molecular characterization using 11 polymorphic markers. Data collection progressed in 2019–2021. Notably, the F1 hybrid TSH858 x DR1 emerged as promising by showing higher average pod weight and favorable bean counts per 100 g, aligning with AA/A quality grades. The F1 hybrid 5-1 (2) showcased the highest single dried bean weight and lowest pod index, indicating large bean sizes. Molecular characterization revealed the highest observed (0.64) and expected (0.56) heterozygosity, confirming the origins of hybrids. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.50, suitable for genetic studies. Distinct genetic relationships among the F1 progenies suggested that bean yield and quality variations stem from genetic variation. The results highlighted that strategic hybridization played a vital role in boosting genetic diversity and bean quality as key goals in cacao breeding programs.
Cacao (T. cacao L.) breeding, bean quality, controlled hybridization, genetic variation, molecular characterization, heterozygosity, genetic relationship
This study integrates morphological, agronomic, and molecular data to comprehensively evaluate the cacao (T. cacao L.) F1 hybrids. The combined use of phenotypic traits and molecular characterization strengthens the selection strategies for breeding. Emphasis on pod index, yield traits, and quality standards aligns the findings with practical breeding goals and industry needs.