Heterosis and inbreeding depression are key considerations in potato breeding, particularly in regions with limited resources. Heterosis (F₁) and inbreeding depression (F₂) investigations ensued in 2022–2024 in eight different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) hybrids generated from true potato seeds in Abbottabad and Battakundi, Pakistan. A randomized complete block design experiment transpired with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the potato hybrids for all traits, except the tuber germination percentage, signifying a substantial level of genetic variability. The Cardinal × Roko hybrid has demonstrated exceptional hybrid vigor for the number of medium tubers plot^-1, with high estimates of relative heterosis (61.78%), heterobeltiosis (61.78%), and standard heterosis (86.01%). The negative inbreeding depression observed for all studied traits, ranging from –0.364% to –187.67%, indicates inbreeding has significantly impacted the performance of hybrids. The noted positive correlations among potato traits provide valuable insights for breeding programs. Results concluded the cross combinations, Cardinal × Roko and Kuroda × Burna, exhibited significant and high heterotic values for the number and weight of medium tubers plot^-1, while desirable negative heterosis for days to maturity. It confirms these crosses have strong potential for release as new potato hybrids. Further evaluation of these hybrids in future breeding strategies can probe ultimate potential for resilience, yield, and other important traits.

Keywords: Potato, true potato seed, heterosis, inbreeding depression, Cardinal × Roko, Kuroda × Burna

Key findings: Given the heterotic effects, the hybrids’ cross combinations demonstrated superior mean performance for the evaluated traits compared with their parental cultivars. Cardinal × Roko and Kuroda × Burna were the best crosses due to the high number and weight of medium tubers plot^-1, positive heterosis, and desirable negative heterosis for days to maturity. Additionally, Battakundi has become a valid ideal environment for potato cultivation and future breeding programs.